Etnografi-i-Nordamerika : usa:s och kanadas indianer och eskimåer

PRÄRIENs folk

Museum of the Plains Indian

Introduktion och allmänna anmärkningar

Prärieindianer är ju ett välkänt begrepp. De personifierar populärkulturens Hollywoodindian, de som enligt schablonen hade ensamrätt på fjäderhuvor och som var ett beridana och bodde i tält kallade tipis. Vi delar in ”stammarna” i högpräriens absoluta nomader och periferins bofasta befolkning.

Högpräriens nomader hittar vi så lång norrut som Sarsi i Kanada (eller som de vill kalla sig i dag ”Tsuu T’ina nation”) till de sydligaste Lipanapacherna som förde en prärietillvaro i motsats mot de flesta andra apacher som vandrat söderut. Dene kallas Lipaner och andra apahce och de är sena invandrare i Nordamerika. De i litteraturen och filmen kända apacherna hittar vi emellertid i det Sydvästra kulturområdet.
När man pratar om prärieindianer så är det i alla fall mest sioux mn menar, vilket egentligen Teton Dakota, de algonkintalande Cheyenner och en del grannstammar. Söder om desa folk finns en del till namnet kända men annars helt i svensk litteratur beskrivna som Kiowa och Comanche. I väster fanns siouxernas fiender Shoshonerna, i söder fiendefolk som Pawnee och i nordost Arikaree. I norr fanns de eleganta Kråkindinaerna (Crow ) och Svartfötterna. Dessa nordliga folk tillsammans med platåindierna i väst fulländade och tog tillvara den ornamentik och mycket av den materiell kultur de ärvt från prärien och därmed såg mer ut som prärieindianer än de av krigen drabbade siouxerna och cheynnerna. 


Längs Missourifloden levde ett antal grupper som mest talade siouxindianska språk. Dessa folk kan med fördel kallas bofasta även om de gav sig ut på prärierna för att jaga buffel då och då. Man använde tipin bara då och bodde i mer permantenta boenden resten av året. Ett par grupper bodde i sådana städer mest mitt ibland nomadfolken som Mandaner och Anrikare. De senare var Caddotalande likt siouxernas arviender Pawnee i söder som vi inte nämnt tidigare.  

Mest troligt är att siouxtalande folk kommit från Ohiodalen när livet där hade blivit omöjligt p g s sjukdomar som spridits från de vitas kolonisation, irokesernas bäverhunger och annat som man inte kunde stå emot. De västliga siouxolken hade ju inte vid den tiden vare sig hästen eller geväret och var lätta byten för t ex cree och andra som expanderade västerut. Ojibwe kom att bli deras arvidender öster med tiden.

När siouxtalande folk tvingades västerut kom de dåvarande Dakota (de första grupperna) att tvingas västerut. De som stannade mest i öster kallas Santee sioux eller Dakota vilket är den östliga dialektala varianten av ”stamnamnet”. En grupp som gav sig mer ut på prärierna men aldrig väster om Missouriflden kallade sig själva Dakota. Eller kom att kalla så senare. De som begav sig västerut, över Missouri var Lakotas sju grupper. De kom till slut att tvinga Kråkindianerna ut ur södra Montana, låg ständigt i i fejd med Shoshoner i väst och Pawnee i syd.



Fay, George E
Charters, constitutions and by-laws of the indian tribes of North America. - Colorado : Museum of Anthropology, 1967. -
  Part I: The Sioux tribes of South Dakota. - 120 s. - (Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology series ; 1)
  Part IIa: The Northern Plains. - 141 s.- (Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology series ; 3)
  Fler rapporter här

Catlin, George, 1796-1872
Letters and notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians : In two volumes / by Geo. Catlin. - New York : Wiley and Putnam, 1842. : ill.
  Vol 1.- 264 p.
  Vol 2. - 266 p.

Dunn, Jacob Piatt
Massacres of the Mountains: A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West / by J P Dunn. - New Yorik : Harper & brothers, 1886. - 786 p. ; Ill.
   Index.

Foreman, Grant
Indians & Pioneers : The story of the American Southwest before 1830 / by Grant Foreman. - New Haven : Yale University press, 1930. - 348 p. - Index.
Osage, Civilized tribes (Cherokee).

Grinnell, George B
Warfare of the plains indians. -7 p.
= Sid 438-444 i:
Source book in anthropology / by A L Kroeber and T T Waterman. - Berkeley : University of California Press, 1924. - 586 p. : ill.
  Bibliography.

Wissler, Clark
Costumes of the plains indians -9 p.
= Sid 325-333 i:
Source book in anthropology / by A L Kroeber and T T Waterman. - Berkeley : University of California Press, 1924. - 586 p. : ill.
  Bibliography.

Wissler, Clark
The influence of the Horse in the Developement of Plains Culture -7 p. : ill.
= Sid 261-268 i:
Source book in anthropology / by A L Kroeber and T T Waterman. - Berkeley : University of California Press, 1924. - 586 p. : ill.
  Bibliography.


Fay
, George E
Charters, constitutions and by-laws of the indian tribes of North America. - Colorado : Museum of Anthropology, 1967. -
  Part I: The Sioux tribes of South Dakota. - 120 s. - (Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology series ; 1)
  Part IIa: The Northern Plains. - 141 s.- (Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology series ; 3)
  Fler rapporter här

Gilmore, Melvin Randolph
Uses of plants by the indians of the Missouri river region. - 111 p. : ill.
= Sid. 43-154 i: 33 Annual report to the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secreatry or the Smithsonian Institution [for the years] 1911-1912. - Washington : Smithsonian Institution,1919.
   Accompanying papers.

MILITÄRA MEMOARER


Dodge, Richard Irving, 1827-1895
Our wild Indians ; thirty-three years' personal experience among the red men of the great West… / by Richard Irving Dodge. - Hartford, Conn. : Worthington, 1882. - 653 s. : ill.

Dodge, Richard Irving, 1827-1895. wiki
Our wild Indians; thirty-three years' personal experience among the red men of the great West. A popular account of their social life, religion, habits, traits, customs, exploits, etc. With thrilling adventures and experiences on the great plains and in the mountains of our wide frontier / by Richard Irving Dodge. - Hartford, Conn. : A. D. Worthington and Company, 1890 [c 1882]. - 653 p. : ill.

Dodge, Richard Irving, 1827-1895. wiki
The hunting grounds of the great west : a description of the plains, game, and Indians of the great North American desert ; with an introduction by William Blackmore / by Richard Irving Dodge. - 2. ed. - London, Chatto & Windus, 1878. - 448 p.



NOMADFOLKEN PÅ PRÄRIEN

PRÄRIENS INDIANER - nomaderna
De hade inte alltid levt där.  Bufflarna hade inte alltid funnits där. Torka under förhistorisk tid hade ödelagt slätterna. Men när klimatet blev bättre och bufflarna ökade till vad som verkade oändliga i antal, så kom folken från randområdena i väster. öster och norr ut på slätterna och anpassade sig till livet som storvitjägare. När hästen kom fulländades möjligheterna till präriekulturen som vi känner den.


Fay
, George E
Charters, constitutions and by-laws of the indian tribes of North America. - Colorado : Museum of Anthropology, 1967. - 
  Part I: The Sioux tribes of South Dakota. - 120 s. - (Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology series ; 1)
  Part IIa: The Northern Plains. - 141 s.- (Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology series ; 3)
  Fler rapporter här

PRÄRIENS SIOUXTALANDE INDIANER


Siouxerna
Eftersom ingen övergripande term för Dakota = Santee (Mdewankaton, Sisseton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton), Nakota (Yankton, Yanktonai) och Lakota (Oglala, Sicangu, Hunkpapa, Minikowoju, Sihasapa, Oohenunpa, Itazico) existerar, så har forskare föreslagit termen Sioux för dem.  
Väl att skilja från att Siouaner är alla folk som tillhör språkgruppen siouan, och det är åtskilligt fler än präriefolkens siouxer .

Mest troligt är att siouxtalande folk kommit från Ohiodalen när livet där hade blivit omöjligt p g s sjukdomar som spridits från de vitas kolonisation, irokesernas bäverhunger och annat som man inte kunde stå emot. De västliga siouxolken hade ju inte vid den tiden vare sig hästen eller geväret och var lätta byten för t ex cree och andra som expanderade västerut. Ojibwe kom att bli deras arvidender öster med tiden.

När siouxtalande folk tvingades västerut kom de dåvarande Dakota (de första grupperna) att tvingas västerut. De som stannade mest i öster kallas Santee sioux eller Dakota vilket är den östliga dialektala varianten av ”stamnamnet”. En grupp som gav sig mer ut på prärierna men aldrig väster om Missouriflden kallade sig själva Dakota. Eller kom att kalla så senare. De som begav sig västerut, över Missouri var Lakotas sju grupper. De kom till slut att tvinga Kråkindianerna ut ur södra Montana, låg ständigt i i fejd med Shoshoner i väst och Pawnee i syd.




Fay, George E
Charters, constitutions and by-laws of the indian tribes of North America. - Colorado : Museum of Anthropology, 1967. -
  Part I: The Sioux tribes of South Dakota. - 120 s. - (Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology series ; 1)
  Part IIa: The Northern Plains. - 141 s.- (Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology series ; 3)
  Fler rapporter här



Assiniboine


DHKaI

            

Assiniboinerna är en siouxtalande grupp prärieindianer. Språkligt och kulturellt är de mest besläktade med Sioux-stammarna (Dakota, Nakota, Lakota) och splintergruppen kallad Stoney.
Länge menade forskningen att Assiniboine framträtt som en autonom grupp under 1600-talet och skulle då ha brutit sig ur Yanktonsiouxerna. Vare sig historiska eller lingvistiska fakta talar för den närmast folkliga traditionen.
Språkligt är Assiniboine som andra självständiga siouxdialekter, varken mer eller mindre lik någon av de övriga dialekterna, vilket talar för att de skiljde sig från övriga sioux samtidigt som de andra siouxgrupperna gjorde detsamma.
(En grupp Stoneys utvecklades emellertid i sin tur ur, och bröt sig ur Assiniboine och blev en självständig grupp, troligen under 1700-talet).
Assiniboine är så en del av ett språkligt kontinuum som utgörs av Sioux-Assiniboine-Stoney.

Nakoda, Nakota
Det har blivit vanligt inom forskningen att kalla Yankton-Yanktonaigruppen av Sioux för Nakota (Nadkoda), och under sent 1900-tal har många Siouxer börjat använda den benämningen själva. Emellertid så är Nakoda den korrekta självbenämningen för Assiniboine och Stoney.

Assiniboine betyder ”Stenkokare”, ”Folket som kokar med stenar", efter det gamla sättet att koka med upphettade stenar. Därför är de ofta kända som, eller snarare förväxlade med ”Stonies”, som ju är en separat grupp med ungefär samma namn!!

De tidigaste historiska referenserna till Assiniboine hittar vi i Jesuiternas Relationer för 1640, där det uttryckligen sägs att Naduesiu (Sioux) och Assinipour (Assiniboine) hade skilda stamidentiteter.

På 1600-talet levde de västerut från Lake Winnipeg in i centrala Saskatchewan, vilket styrks av arkeologiskt material.
Historiska källor antyder en västlig expansion av Assiniboineterritoriet under 1700-talet via Parklandsregionen i Saskatchewan ända in i östra Alberta. Antagligen en följd av den ökade kännedomen om de västliga prärierna som en effekt av pälshandeln med Hudson Bay och andra pälshandlare.
Fransmannen La Vérendrye mötte Assiniboiner på 1730-talet. Om inte Assiniboinerna deltog i pälshandeln lika fllitigt som Cree så blev de kända som de som försörjde handelsposterna och pälsjägarna med pemmican.

Under tidigt 1800-tal utökades deras territorium även söderut och kring 1840 levde väl en tre fjärdedelar av stammen i Montana kring Missourifloden.
Mot mitten av århundradet sägs deras territorium ha sträckt sig från Wood Mountain i öster till Cypress hill i väster och i norr avgränsades deras jaktmarker av North Saskatchewan river och i söder av Milk- och Missouri floderna.

download



De blev tidigt arvfiender med Siouxerna men var också kända som antagonister till Svartfötterna på de nordliga prärierna. Tidigt började också ett vanligt ingifte med Plains Cree och här fick man influenser till att engagera sig i pälshandeln med de vita. Många grupper drog sig mot Hudson Bays handelsposteringar. De östliga pälsjagande Assinibioines är kulturellt rätt lika Cree under det att de västliga behållit mer av präriekulturen, inklusive soldansen. Man har velat förklara Assiniboines fiendskap mot Siouxerna bl a genom att de kom att fungera i nära kontakt med Plains Cree genom såväl ingifte som just samverkan i pälshandeln.

En mer rättvisande karta av Assiniboinernas värld, med tanke
på deras handelsrutter i nord- och sydöst.


Efter 1870 när bufflarna var bortskjutna från prärierna var Assiniboinerna nära svältdöden, 1882 var de tvunga att acceptera livet på reservat men intog en aggressiv hållning gentemot de vita som de höll ansvariga för bufflarnas utrotande. P g a missnöjet med sin situation deltog de i den s k Northwest rebellion 1885, men tvingades tillbaks till reservaten efter det att man slagit ned upprorsförsöket. 1962 fanns det 2.586 assiniboiner bosatta på reservat i Saskatchewan joch Alberta. De i Edmonton delar reservateet med Cree.

RELIGION
I religiöst hänseende liknar Assiniboine (åtminstone de i väster) Siouxerna. Vardagsreligionen upptogs av begreppet wakan, som av tidiga religionsforskare (kristna präster som letade kristna paralleller till den helige ande) oftast översatts med ”helig”, men snarast verkar ha en vidare mening typ ”övernaturlig” ”märklig”. Något som man förhöll sig till till vardags. Wakan är också det begrepp som oftast översatts till ”medicin”. Övernaturliga hunden (medicinhunden) = hästen = chunka wakan. Medicinman o s v. Världen var besatt av wakan som oftast manifesterade sig i naturen, bland växter och djur. Skaparen av världen var också wakan, ”det stora märkliga, eller stora mysteriet, Wakan Tanka. Men det stora mysteriet var oftast inte tänkt som en person, utan snarare det ultimat övernaturliga. Människorna kunde beveka det övernaturliga för sina syften, goda eller onda.
Den här bilden av religionen liknar den som vi känner från Siouxerna. Likt dem var den viktigaste ceremonin bland Assiniboine Soldansen, en ceremoni som hölls i juni, vid en tid då man kunde samla alla stammens band. Den påminner om en slags midsommarfest i syfte att förnya världen ett år till. Soldansen fanns också hos Plains Cree och många av Assiniboines band i öst tog upp åtskilliga religiösa element från Cree, som t ex myten om jorddykaren.



GEORGE CATLIN BESKRIVER ASSINIBOINERNA 1832 - OCH HAN DOKUMENTERAR DEM I MÅLNINGAR (länk)


Assiniboine : Fulltext och länkar

Lowie, Robert H
The Assiniboine - Anthropoloigal papers of the Museum of Natural History ; IV part 1. - 1909.

Henry, Alexander d ä 1739-1824
Travels and adventures in Canada and the Indian territories, between the years 1760 and 1776. - 1809.
Sid 275 ff ”The hospitality of the Assiniboine indians”.

Burpee, Lawrence J. 1873-1946.
Pathfinders of the great plains : a chronicle of La Vérendrye and his sons. - 1914.

download



Dugas, Georges 1833-1928.
The Canadian West, its discovery by the Sieur de La Vérendrye, itsdevelopment by the furtrading companies, down to the year 1822.

Cocking, Matthew
An adventurer from Hudson Bay : journal of Matthew Cocking, from York Factory to the Blackfeet country, 1772-1773 / Ed by Lawrence J Burpee. - Royal Society of Canada, Section 2. - 1909.


Stoney

799111689

Îyârhe Nakoda 
Nakoda. Stoney
Stoney är det mest nordvästliga av de siouantalandefolken på prärierna. Ofta förväxlas de med de närbesläktade Assiniboine, som de en gång bröt sig ifrån.
Stoneys är en del av ett språkligt kontinuum som utgörs av Sioux-Assiniboine-Stoney.
Under tiden för den begynnande pälshandeln identifierades två huvudgrupper Stoneys, Mouintain Stoney och Wood Stoney.
  
Under 1800-talet återfanns Stoney enbart i Canada, i gränslandet mellan Klippiga bergen och slätterna öster därom i Alberta. På slätterna i öster jagade man buffel och på Klippiga bergens sluttningar annat storvilt och bäver.

images


Stoney Nakoda Nation
Stoney Nakoda People

Nakoda, Nakota
Det har blivit vanligt inom forskningen att kalla Yankton-Yanktonaigruppen av Sioux för Nakota (Nadkoda), och under sent 1900-tal har många Siouxer börjat använda den benämningen själva. Emellertid så är Nakoda den korrekta självbenämningen för Assiniboin och Stoney.

Sarcee (Sarsi)

« Stoney Nomadfolken Blackfoot »


Wilson, Edward F.[rancis] 1844 -
Report on the Sarcee Indians. - London ?, 1888. - 13 s.
Report--1888 on the north-western tribes of Canada.

Goddard, Pliny Earle, 1869-1928
Sarsi texts / by Pliny Earle Goddard. - Berkeley : Unoiversity of California Press, 1915. - 87 s. [pag190 - 277]

Blackfoot




                          

Dorsch, Peter
Svartfötterna

Kidd, Kenneth E.
Blackfoot ethnography / Kenneth E. Kidd / Edmonton, Alberta : Archaeological Survey of Alberta, 1986. - 217 p. - (Manuscrip series : Archaeological survey of Alta : 1986 :8)


Cocking, Matthew 
An adventurer from Hudson Bay : journal of Matthew Cocking, from York Factory to the Blackfeet country, 1772-1773 / Edited with introduction and notes by Lawrence J. Burpee ; communicated by Wilfred Campbell and read May 26th, 1908. Spine title: Matthew Cocking's journal, 1772-1773. "From the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. Third series - 1908-1909, volume II, section II.” - 42 p.

McClintock, Walter 1870-1949
The Old North trail; or, Life, legends and religion of the Blackfeet Indians. - London : Macmillan, 1910. - 596 p.

Grinnell, George Bird
The lodges of the Blackfeet. - 20 s. : ill. [Fulltext at Archive.org and JStor]
= American Antropologist // 1901.
Materiell kultur - Tipis - Bostäder

Grinnell, George Bird
Early Blackfoot history. - 10 s. : ill. [Fulltext at Archive.org and JStor]
= American Antropologist // 1892.

VanStone, James W
Material culture of the Blackfoot (Blood) indians of southern Alberta. - 80 s : ill.
= FIELDIANA Anthropology. - Chicago : Field museum of natural history // New series ; 19. - 1992. (Publication 1439) [Fulltext at Archive.org]

The Scriver Blackfoot collection : repatriation of Canada’s heritage / Edited by Philip H R Stepney. - Edmonton : Provincial museum of Alberta, 1990. - 150 s. : ill. [Fulltext at Archive.org]
Bibliography Sid.. 134. - Scriver, Bob 1914-1999. - Siksika indianer. - Kultur -
Historia - Materiell kultur - Museiföremål - Sällsynta fotografier.

Wissler, Clark 1870-1947
Material culture of the Blackfoot Indians. - New York : The Trustees, 1910. - 192 p. : ill. - (= Sid 1 - 176 in: Anthropological papers of the American museum of natural history ; 5)
Bibliography p. 171-175.

Wissler, Clark 1870-1947
Mythology of the Blackfoot indians / By Clark Wissler and D C Duvall. - 1908. - 163 s.
= Sid 1 - 164 in: Anthropological papers of the American museum of natural history vol 2. - New York, 1909.
Religion - Mytologi - Siksika indianer.
This volume also contains: Lowie, Robert H: The northern shoshone. Även:
Notes on new collections.
   
Wissler, Clark 1870-1947
Social organization and ritualistic ceremonies of the Blackfoot Indians. - 317 s. : ill.
= Pages 1 - 164 in: Anthropological papers of the American museum of natural history vol 7. - New York, 1912. [Fulltext at Archive.org]

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Wissler, Clark
1870-1947
The sun dance of the Blackfoot Indians / by Clark Wissler - New York : The American Museum of Natural History, 1918. - 47 s. : ill. - (Anthroplogical papers of The American Museum of Natural History ; 16:3)
Pag. s 223-270.

Unknown


Kane, Paul 1810-1871
Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America : from Canada to Vancouver's island and Oregon through the Hudson's Bay Company's territory and back again. - London : Longman…, 1859. - 528 p. : ill.

Nevin, Arthur
Two Summers with the Blackfeet Indians of Montana / Arthur Nevin. - (The Music Quarterly vol 2)


DeSmet, Pierre-Jean 1801-1873
Life, letters and travels of Father Pierre-Jean de Smet, S.J., 1801-1873. - New York : Francis P Harper, 1905. - 440 p. : ill.
   Vol 1, Vol 2, Vol 3, Vol 4.
Vol 2 och 3 med avsnitt om Blackfoot.

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Albert Lacombe - Father Lacombe
Aktiv på de nordlliga prärierna. Blackfeet, Plains Cree. Katolsk mission.

Hughes, Katherine 1876-1925
Father Lacombe, the black-robe voyageur. - New York : Moffat, 1911. - 467 s. : ill. : Index


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Ralph, Julian, 1853-1903

On Canada's frontier

: sketches of history, sport, and adventure and of the Indians, missionaries, fur-traders, and newer settlers of western Canada / by Julian Ralph. - London : James R Osgood, McIlvaine & co, 1892. - 325 p. : ill.
Innehåller: Chartering a nation. - 40 p. : ill. A Famous missionary. - 13 p. : ill.
= Sid 11 - 52 =sid 53 - 65
Chartering a nation om Blackfoothövdingen Crowfoot och A famous Missionary handlar om Crowfoot och missionären Father Lacombe.

new ©

 

Staffan Jansson

 

2017

Gros Ventre (Atsina)

« Blackfoot Nomadfolken Plains Cree »


Gros ventre - wiki. (Skall inte förväxlas med Hidatsa som också kallades så i äldre tid).

Kroeber, A. L. (Alfred Louis), 1876-1960
Ethnology of the Gros Ventre / By A L Kroeber. - New York : Published by the trustees,1908. - 240 p = p. 141-281. - (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 1:4)

Kroeber, A. L. (Alfred Louis), 1876-196
Gros Ventre myths and tales By A L Kroeber. - New York : Published by the trustees,1907. - 84 p = p. 55-139. - (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 1:3)


Plains Cree

« Gros Ventre (Atsina) Nomadfolken Plains Ojibwa »

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Plains Cree

Skinner, Alanson
Notes on the Plains Cree. - American Anthropologist // Vol 16. : 1914:01

VanStone, James
The Simms Collection of Plains Cree material culture from southeastern Saskatchewan. - Chicago, Ill. : Field Museum of Natural hIstory, 1983. - (Fieldiana, Anthropology, new series ; 6)

Skinner, Alanson
Plains Cree Tales. - 1916-07-01. - (The Journal of American Folklore ; 29) Jstor


Albert Lacombe - Father Lacombe
Aktiv på de nordliga prärierna. Blackfeet, Plains Cree. Katolsk mission.

Hughes, Katherine 1876-1925
Father Lacombe, the black-robe voyageur. - New York : Moffat, 1911. - 467 s. : ill. : Index

Poundmaker
Dictionary of Canadian Biography. wiki

Buffy Sainte Marie

Plains Ojibwa

« Plains Cree Nomadfolken Plains Métis »


Stamper, Ed
The history of the Chippewa Cree of Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation / by Ed Stamper, Helen Windy Boy, Ken Morsette. - Box Elder, Mo. : Stone Child College, 2008. - Ill.

Constitution and bylaws of the chippewa cree Rocky boy’s reservation Montana / Approved November 23, 1935. - Washington : Government printing office, 1936.

Arapaho

« Plains Métis Nomadfolken Cheyenne »



Arapahoerna är ett av de mest typiska nomadiserande präriefolken. Antagligen motades de ut på prärierna under 1700-talet från skogsområdena i öster. De flesta algonkintalande folk på prärien visar tydliga kultursammanhang med skogsfolken. (Så t ex den mer upprättstående fjäderhuvan, även mer typiskt för de algonkintalande Blackfoot, men tydliga indicier finns att den också var uråldrig bland österns skogsindianer. Se bilder längst ned på sidan). Deras fiender i öst som cree och ojibwa hade tidigt fått eldvapen som gjorde att de fick ett övertag över de västliga nationerna som gradvis drog sig ut på prärierna. I kombination med att de samtidigt erövrade hästen möjliggjorde detta en kort tid av uppblomstring för nomadiserande buffeljägare som kan sägas erhöll en högtstående nomadkultur.
Arapahoerna som vanligtvis levde i Wyoming och Colorado splittrades som så många andra folk. Tidigt gav sig band som kom att kallas Gros Ventre iväg för att bilda en egen enhet, som med tiden sägs ha skaffat mer gemensamt med de siouxtalande Assiniboin (som i sin tur var en tidig avknoppning från den stora Dakotanationen. Arapaho Grosventre (Gros Ventre of the prairies) kallas också Atsinas och skall noga skiljas från de bofasta Hidatsa som också kallas just Gros Ventre (of the Missouri). Araphaoerna kom att dela öden med Cheyennerna och likt dessa delades de under 1800-talet upp i en nordlig och en mer sydligt strävande grupp.


          

Coel, Margaret
Chief Left Hand : Southern Arapaho. - Norman : University of Oklahoma press, c 1981. - ill. - (The Civilization of the American Indian series ; 159) Bibliography.
  Kindle ed.
Left Hand, Southern Arapaho chief, ca 1820-1864.

Dorsey, George Amos 1868-1931
The Arapaho sun dance; the ceremony of the Offerings lodge
. - Chicago, 1903. - 798 p. : ill. - (Field Columbian Museum publication ; 75)

Hilger, M. Inez     
Arapaho child life and its cultural background / by Sister M Inez Hilger. - Washington : Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1952.
- 253 s : ill. - (Bureau of American Ethnology // Bulletin ; 148) Rec Ewers H

Kroeber, Alfred Louis 1876-1960 +
The Arapaho. - New York : Published by the trustees, American Museum of Natural History, 1902. - 150 s. : ill.
Omslagstitel: The Mrs. Morris K. Jesup Expedition. - Includes bibliographical references. - "[The writer] visited that portion of the tribe located in Oklahoma in 1899, the Wyoming branch and a number of neighboring tribes in 1900, and the Gros Ventres and Assiniboines in 1901”

Kroeber, A. L. (Alfred Louis), 1876-1960
Arapaho dialects / by A L Kroeber. - Berkeley : University of California press, 1916. - 64 p = p. 71-135. - (University of California Publications in Archaeology and Ethnology ; 12:3)

Carter, John G
The Northern Arapaho Flat Pipe and the Ceremony of Covering the Pipe. - 33 s. : ill. Plates. SJ Ao
= Sid 69-102 i: Bureau of American Ethnology // Bulletin 119. - Washington : BAE, 1938. - ( Anthropological papers ; 2)

Mooney, James 1861-1921
The ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890. - 495 s. : ill.
= Sid. 641-1136 i: 14th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1892-1893. - Pt 2. - In two parts. - Washington : BAE, 1896.


 

 

Scabby Bull Black Otter


Arapaho i fiktionslitteraturen:

Coel, Margaret

Arapahoexperten Margaret Coel har skrivit ett antal deckare med motiv från Arapahos på Wind Riverreservatet. Se Amazon för Kindle editions.
Deckare i serien vanligen arapahoadvokaten Vicky Holden och Father John O Malley.


Wind River Reservation Series (Goodreads)

  

  

  



Cheyenne


Dorsch, Peter
Cheynnerna

Grinnell, George Bird 1849-1938 +
The fighting Cheyennes. - Scribner, 1915. - 465 p.

Lz Wooden Leg
Marquis, Thomas B.
A warrior who fought Custer. - Midwest company,1931. - 429 p. : ill.

Dorsey
The Cheyenne: I. Ceremonial Organization (March 1905)
The Cheyenne: II. The Sun Dance (May 1905)


Sökn

George Amos Dorsey
The Cheyenne / George Amos Dorsey. - Chicago : Field Columbian Museum, 1905. -
Vol 1. - The Ceremonial organization. - 55 p.
Vol 2. - The Sun Dance. - 186 p.


Crow


Crow

Crow Absarokee Kråkindianer
Kråkor och Hidatsas var en gång ett gemensamt folk. Hidatsas har olika förklaringar till hur de kom att bosätta sig mellan Heart och Knife-floderna. Awaxawigruppen menar att de kom från sydöst för länge sedan och flyttade norrut. Först till Devils Lake och sedan till Missouri, är de stötte på Mandanbyarna och en Hidatsaby av Awatixasfolket som hade fått fotfäste där. De egentlig Hidatsa skiljde sig från Awaxawis i västdra Minnesota och flyttade norrut och sedan söderut till Devils Lake. Sedan stötte man på mandanerna och därefter bosatte man sig norr om dem och vid Knife River.
En tid efter detta gav sig en grupp HIdatsa iväg och började en process som kom att bli vad som senare blev känt som Kråkindianer. Antropologer och historiker har daterat händelsen till någon gång mellan 1450 och 1700. Indicier från kråkindianskt krukmakeri gör det trdoligt att kråkindianer kan ha nått Big Hordnbergen kring 1500-talet. Hidatsatdraditionen menar att allt hände innan de nådde Missourifloden. Bergskråkorna kan mycket väl ha nått de nordvästdra prärierna tvåhundra år innan flodhidatsas. (Calloway: One vas Winter Count)

Crow nation Wikipedia

Linderman, Frank B
American: The Life Story of a Great Indian. - 1930.

Linderman, Frank B
Plenty Coups : Chief of the Crows / Illustrated by H M Stoops. - Lincoln : University of Nebraska press, 1962. - 341 p. : ill. Wiki

Lowie, Robert H[arry] 1883-1957
Societies of the Crow, Hidatsa and Mandan Indians. - 1913. - 215 p. : ill. - (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 11:3)
Pag 143-358.

Lowie, Robert H[arry] 1883-1957
The Sun Dance of the Crow Indians. - New York:, 1915 - 50 p. - (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 16:1)

Lowie, Robert H[arry] 1883-195
Notes on the social organization and customs of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Crow Indians. - New York:, 1917. - 99 p. - (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 21:1)

Lowie, Robert H[arry] 1883-1957
Myths and traditions of the Crow Indians. - 1918. - 308 p. - (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 25:1)
Bibliography: p. 305-306

Lowie, Robert H[arry] 1883-1957
The tobacco society of the Crow Indians. - New York:, 1919. - 99 p. : ill. - (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 21:2)
Pag s. 101-199.

Lowie, Robert H[arry] 1883-1957
The material culture of the Crow Indians. - New York :, 1922. - 68 p : ill. - (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 21:3)
Pag 201-268

Lowie, Robert H[arry] 1883-1957
The religion of the Crow Indians. - New York:, 1922. - 134 p. : ill. -
(Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History ; 25:2)
Pag 310-444


Lowie, Robert. H
Primitive Religion. - London : Routledge and sons, 1936. -
  Crow religion. - 30 s. - Index.

Archive.org

Lowie, Robert H.
Marriage and society among the Crow indians. -5 p.
= Sid 364-369 i:
Source book in anthropology / by A L Kroeber and T T Waterman. - Berkeley : University of California Press, 1924. - 586 p. : ill.
  Bibliography.


Siouxerna - dakotas

  • Siouxerna
    Eftersom ingen övergripande term för Dakota = Santee (Mdewankaton, Sisseton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton), Nakota (Yankton, Yanktonai) och Lakota (Oglala, Sicangu, Hunkpapa, Minikowoju, Sihasapa, Oohenunpa, Itazico) existerar, så har forskare föreslagit termen Sioux för dem. 
    Väl att skilja från att Siouaner är alla folk som tillhör språkgruppen siouan, och det är åtskilligt fler än präriefolken




Dorsch, Peter
Sioux

Sioux Research - Dakota, Lakota, Nakota (Proboard)

Litteratur:

Robinson, Doane
A History of the Dakota Or Sioux Indians : From Their Earliest Traditions and First Contact with white men to the final settlement of the last of them upon reservation and the consequent abandoment of the old tribal life. - Published by the state, 1904. - 523 p.
Med en hel del text om the Society och South Dakota som förtext.


Densmore, Frances
Teton sioux music / by Frances Densmore. - Washington : Smithsonian Institution, 1918. - 561 s. : ill. - (Bulletin // Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology ; 61)

Dorsey, J. Owen
Migration of Siouan Tribes. - 13 s. -
= Sid. [210]-222 i: AMERICAN NATURALIST // 1886:3. (JStor)


Heinz, Elizabeth Allen
Original Sioux folk-lore. - Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. - 70 s. : ill.
Diss.

Dorsey, James Owen, 1848-1848
Siouan Sociology. - Book from Project Gutenberg Ed 1. - 2006.
Extextbok som bygger på Dorseys text i BAE 15 Sid. 205-244..


Tidiga resenärer:

Keating, William Hypolitus, 1799-1840
Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, [etc.] : performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, secretary of war, under the command of Stephen H. Long, U.S.T.E. : compiled from the notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, Keating, [and] Colhoun : In two volumes. - London : Printed for Geo B. Whittaker. - 1825.
   Vol 1. - 458 s.
   Vol 2. - 248 s. - Naturvetenskapligt appendix. + Vocabulary of Indian Languages.

Lakota (Teton) sioux



1. Den fria tiden : Tiden före 1850

2. De första konflikterna : Tiden 1851-1865

3. Red clouds krig 1866-1868


4. Det drar ihop sig : Händelser före Sitting Bulls krig

Report of the Commission appointed to treat with the Sioux Indians for the relinquishment of the Black Hills /by United States. Commission Appointed to Treat with the Sioux Indians for the Relinquishment of the Black Hills / by Allison, William Boyd,8 1829-1908]… Washington : Government printing office. - 1875.

Dodge, Richard Irving, 1827-1895. wiki 
The Black Hills / Richard Irving Dodge. - New York : J. Miller, 1876. - 151 p. : ill.
Våren och sommaren 1875 eskorterade överstelöjtnante Richard Irving Dodge den vetnskapliga expedition som leddes av geologen Walter P Jenney till Black HIlls i Dakotas för att undersöka ryktena om förekomsten av guld. Ett rykte som startades av general Custer sommaren innan. Under fem månader som man tillbringade på en expedition som utgick från Cheyenne i Wyoming mötte man förstås många strapatser men på andra sätt beskrev Dodge det som en angenäm picnic. "the most delightful summer of my life."
 

5. Sitting Bull och Sitting Bulls krig 1876.

Custer, George Armstrong 1839-1876
My life on the plains : or, Personal experiences with indians. - New York : Sheldon & co, 1874. - 286 p.
Originallly published in the Galaxy v 13-18, 1872-74.

Custer, Elizabeth Bacon 1842-1933
”Boots and saddles”: or, Life in Dakota with General Custer. - 1 ed. - New York : Harper & Brothers, 1885. - 334 p. Map.
Appendix, with extracts from letters written by General Custer, 1873-1876: p. [271]-312

Finerty, John Frederick 1846-1908
War-path and bivouac, or The conquest of the Sioux, a narrative of stirring personal experiences and adventures in the Big Horn and Yellowstone expedition of 1876, and in the campaign on the British border, in 1879. - Chicago : [J.F. Finerty?], 1890. - 511 p.


6. Slaget vid Little Big Horn 25 juni 1976

Lz Wooden Leg
Marquis, Thomas B.
A warrior who fought Custer. - Midwest company,1931. - 429 p. : ill.

7. Tiden efter Little Big Horn

8. Sitting Bull i landsflykt i Canada

9. Den första reservatstiden ca 1877- 1891 och Andedansen 1890-91.

Standing Rock Heads of Families by Bands 1885

Sioux Chiefs & US Commissioners: the photograph of
the Sioux Commission of 1888 in Washington DC


Walsh, Herbert 1851-1941
Four weeks among some of the Sioux tribes of Dakota and Nebraska : together with a brief consideration of the Indian problem. - Philadelphia : H.F. McCann, 1882. - 46 p.

Walsh, Herbert 1851-1941
Report of a visit to the great Sioux reserve, Dakota, made during the months of May and June, 1883, in behalf of the Indian rights associations. - Indian rights association, 1883. - 58 p.

9.1 DEN STORA SIOUXNATIONEN - RESERVATEN EFTER 1889
Den 2 november 1889 delades Dakotaterritoriet officiellt i staterna Nord-
och Syd-Dakota.

Siouxerna övertalas att avträda det väldiga mittpartiet mellan Cheynne River
i norr och White River i söder. Vad som återstår är:
1. Standing Rock, vars nordgräns var Cannonball River, ND och den helt raka
sydgränsen en bit nedanför Grand River SD.


     

9.4 Andedansen

Mooney, James 1861-1921
The ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890. - 495 s. : ill.
= Sid. 641-1136 i: 14th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1892-1893. - Pt 2. - In two parts. - Washington : BAE, 1896.

Johnson, Willis Fletcher 1857-1931
The red record of the Sioux : life of Sitting Bull and history of the Indian war of 1890-91… Philadelphia : Edgewood, 1891. - 628 s.

9.5 Sitting Bulls död 1890

Vestal, Stanley
Sitting Bull Champion Of The Sioux : a biography / by Stanley Vestal. - Norman : University of Oklaoma press, 1932, - 349 s. : ill.

Vestal, Stanley
New Sources Of Indian History 1850 1891 : The Ghost Dance The Prairie Sioux : A Miscellany. - Norman : University of Oklahoma press, 1934. -351 s. - (The civilization of the american Indian)


Fechet, Edmond J
The true story of the death of Sitting Bull, great Sioux medicine man. 189?. - 18 p. : ill.

McLaughlin, James 1842-1923
My friend the Indian. - Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1910. - 473 p.

McLaughlins report   +

9.10 Massakern vid Wounded Knee 1890.

Dorsch, Peter
Wounded Knee
Spotted Elk

Vestal, Stanley
New Sources Of Indian History 1850 1891 : The Ghost Dance The Prairie Sioux : A Miscellany. - Norman : University of Oklahoma press, 1934. -351 s. - (The civilization of the american Indian)

Kelley, William Fitch 1864-1916
Pine Ridge, 1890; an eye witness accout of the events surroundig the fighting at Wounded Knee. - San Francisco : P. Bovis, 1971. - 294 p : ill.
Bibliography: p. 267. Articles originally published in the Nebraska state
journal, Nov. 24, 1890-Jan. 16, 1891.

Fiske, Frank Bennett 1883-1952
The taming of the Sioux. - Bismarck : Bismarck tribune, 1917. - 200 p. : ill.

Fiske, Frank Bennett, 1883-1952
The taming of the Sioux / by Frank Fiske. - Bismarck, N.D. : Bismarck tribune, 1917. - 186. : ill.

Miles, Nelson Appleton 1839-1925
Personal recollections and observations of General Nelson A. Miles embracing a brief view of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western empire / Nelson Appleton Miles ; [Illustrated by Frederic Remington…Chicago : Werner, 1897. - 616 s.

Boyd, James P. (James Penny), 1836-1910
Recent Indian wars, under the lead of Sitting Bull, and other chiefs ; with a full account of the Messiah craze, and ghost dances / by Jamews P Boyd - [Philadelphia] : Publishers union, 1892. - 320 p. : ill.
  Contents.


10. Reservatstiden efter 1891

Walsh, Herbert 1851-1941
Civilization among the Sioux Indians: report of a visit to some of the Sioux
Office of Indian Rights Association, 1883. - 71 p.

Dorsch, Peter
Long Wolf (Buffalo Bills Cirkus)


11. Lakotas under 1900-talet. 

BIOGRAFISKT

SITTING BULL
 

Dorsch, Peter
Sitting Bull
Sitting Bull besöker Bismarck

Sitting Bull Wiki

Johnson, Willis Fletcher 1857-1931
The red record of the Sioux : life of Sitting Bull and history of the Indian war of 1890-91… Philadelphia : Edgewood, 1891. - 628 s.



Kelly, Fanny 1845-1904 Wiki
Narrative of my captivity among the Sioux Indians / by Fanny Kelly ; with a brief account of General Sully's Indian exepedition in 1864, bearing upon events occuring in my captivity. - 1871.
Lakota sioux ; Fanny Kelly : Fångenskapsberättelser


RED CLOUD

Dorsch, Peter
Red Cloud - fotografier på en siouxkrigare


Läs mer hos Börje Dorch

Sitting Bull med familj

  1. 1.Four Horns (farbror till SB). - 2. White Bull (Minniconjou/Hunkpapa, bror till One Bull) . - 3. Seen By Her Nation och Four Robes, hustrur till SB, barnen Lodge in Sight och Standing Holy. - 4. Sitting Bull med hustrun Her Four Robes, sönerna  Runs Away From och Left Arrow In Him, plus yngre syskon i knäet. - 5. One Bull, Hunkpapa/Minniconjou ev adopterade av SB(systerson till Sitting Bull). - 4. Gall. - 6. Crow Foot, SBs son. 7. Fyra generationer av Sitting Bulls familj fotograferade 1881. Från vänster i bakre raden: Good Feather Woman, SBs syster, mor till One Bull och White Bull. Sedan Walks Looking, SBs dotter. Främre raden SBs mor Her Holy Door, SB och dottern Many Horses med hennes baby Courting a Woman (!?). - 8. Standing Holy, dotter till SB och Seen by her nation.
Crow Foot

folkräkningar

Census : Folkräkningar
Sitting Bulls Surrender-Census. (sid 184 ff)
Här kan vi bl a se att One Bull räknades som Hunkpapa, familj 3 (sid 186.) medan White Bull räknas som Minniconjou. Båda bröderna hade samma mor (Hunkpapa) och samma far, Minniconjou. 
One Bulls nära anknytning till Sitting Bull var ingenting märkligt. (Ett vanligt, möjligen felaktigt påstående är att Sitting Bull adopterat honom) Ofta (särskilt i äldre tider) var det morbrodern (här Sitting Bull) som ansvarade för systersöners uppfostran. White Bull räknades som Minniconjou (se efter familj 4). 
Från att ha varit ett folk med matrilinjär härstamning och med matrilokalitet som en självklarhet (då man bodde i barkhus likt irokeser) och kvinnorna ägde huset, så var fadern knappast ens boende ihop med moderns släkt och familj. Det var morbrodern som tog det manliga ansvaret i långhuset. Detta kom gradvis att förändras då jägartillvaron med kärnfamiljer i tipis, om inte skapade villkor för ett patrilinjärt samhäll med patrilokal bosättning, så drog det däråt. Men några bestämda regler fanns inte. Därav ett vackert exempel gestaltat av One Bull och White Bulls olika sätt att visa härstamning.

HUNKPAPA


Census : Folkräkningar
Sitting Bulls Surrender-Census
Här kan vi bl a se att One Bull räknades som Hunkpapa, familj 3 (sid 186.) medan White Bull räknas som Minniconjou. Båda bröderna hade samma mor (Hunkpapa) och samma far, Minniconjou. One Bulls 
nära anknytning till Sitting Bull var ingenting märkligt. Ofta (särskilt i äldre tider) var det morbrodern (här Sitting Bull) som ansvarade för systersönernas uppfostran.





Vestal, Stanley
Sitting Bull Champion Of The Sioux : a biography / by Stanley Vestal. - Norman : University of Oklaoma press, 1932, - 349 s. : ill.

Vestal, Stanley
New Sources Of Indian History 1850 1891 : The Ghost Dance The Prairie Sioux : A Miscellany. - Norman : University of Oklahoma press, 1934. -351 s. - (The civilization of the american Indian)

Hunkpapas utgjordes av  9 olika familjekluster (camps) vid tiden för upprättandet av Standring Rockagenturen, som var och ett hade en särskild plats i den heliga lägercirkeln. (Camp ung. Familj =Tält=Eld) i lägercirkeln. Baserat på äldre missionärsberättelse har vi en förteckning över Hunkpapas lägercirkel, med början på södra sidan om "ingången" till lägercirkeln, som forsätter medurs runt cirkeln mot norr.

1. Canka Ohan, Sore-Backs (avser hästar) Familjeöverhuvuden: Running Antelope och Cross Bear.
2. Ce Ohba, Droopy thingy (Slapp sak). Familjeöverhuvuden: Little Bear, Long Soldier, Bear Ribs I och II, Bear Face, Iron Horn och Rain in the Face.
3. Tinazipe Sica, Bad Bows: Familjeöverhuvuden: Sitting Bull,Four Horns, Black Moon.4. Talonapin, Raw Meat Necklace: Familjeöverhuvuden: Big Prairie Chicken, Charging Thunder, Spotted Horn Bull, Crow King, Scattering Bear, Long Dog, Gall.
5.
Kiglaska, Tied in the Middle. Troliga familjeöverhuvuden: No Neck, Catch the Bear.
6. Ceknake Okisela
, Half Breechcloth: Familjeöverhuvden: Little Prairie Chicken.
7.
Siksicela, Bad Ones. Familjeöverhuvuden: Inte kända.
8. Wakan, Sacred. Familjeöverhuvuden: Long Horn.
9.
Hunska Canto-Juha, Legging Tobacco Pokuch. Familjeöverhuvden: Inte kända.

. Read more:  http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/2182/hunkpapa-tribal-structur#ixzz5fV0Ou97E

By the time of the establishment of Standing Rock Agency in the aftermath of the Treaty of 1868 the sacred hoop of the Hunkpapa tribe comprised as many as nine organized camps.

An early missionary obtained a complete list and the order assigned to the camps within the Hunkpapa tribal circle. Beginning with the position at the south side of the camp entrance, and continuing clockwise around the circle to the north side, the camps were ordered as follows:
1. Canka Ohan, Sore-Backs (of horses). Principal tiwahe: Running Antelope, Cross Bear.
2. Ce Ohba, Droopy thingy. Principal tiwahe: Little Bear, Long Soldier, Bear Ribs I and II, Bear Face, Iron Horn, Rain in the Face.
3. Tinazipe Sica, Bad Bows. Principal tiwahe: Sitting Bull, Four Horns, Black Moon.
4. Talonapin, Raw Meat Necklace. Principal tiwahe: Big Prairie Chicken, Charging Thunder, Spotted Horn Bull, Crow King, Scattering Bear, Long Dog, Iron Dog, Gall.
5. Kiglaska, Tied in the Middle. Principal tiwahe: (possibly) No Neck, Catch the Bear.
6. Ceknake Okisela, Half Breechcloth. Principal tiwahe: Little Prairie Chicken.
7. Siksicela, Bad Ones. Principal tiwahe: not known.
8. Wakan, Sacred. Principal tiwahe: Long Horn.9. Hunska Canto-Juha, Legging Tobacco Pouch. Principal tiwahe: not known.

According to the Standing Rock informants of historian Stanley Vestal, whose biography of Sitting Bull and other writings are major contributions to Sioux history, the nine camps were grouped into two major tribal sub-divisions. These two maximal bands were called: (a) Icira, which Vestal’s informants translated as the “Band that separated & went together again.” (b) Canka Ohan, or Sore-Backs (of horses).

The Icira comprised bands 3-7 in the list above. Vestal sought detailed information on this group because it included Sitting Bull and his relatives. On Sitting Bull’s band affiliation he learned that it was “called the Bad Bows Band. Sometimes called Icira because Sitting Bull was chief of Icira & they joined [the] Bad Bows Band – Sitting Bull became chief”. Vestal devoted less inquiry to the second group, but the Sore-Backs undoubtedly comprised bands 1, 2, and possibly 8 and 9 in the list above.

We know that bands 1 and 2 were connected because two of the leading tiwahe were led by men who called each other ‘brother’ – Bear Ribs I and Running Antelope. Vestal’s observations are important because the two big divisions seem to have developed distinct political positions in relation to the Americans. The Icira division, which probably ranged further west, was opposed to American expansion and would take a lead in the Great Sioux War of 1876-77. The Sore-Backs division, whose hunting grounds were further east along the Missouri River, took a more peaceful attitude and its bands first settled at Standing Rock Agency.

Lakota

Welch Dakota Papers


0. Alllmänt och övergripande

Dodge, Richard Irving, 1827-1895
Our wild Indians ; thirty-three years' personal experience among the red men of the great West… / by Richard Irving Dodge. - Hartford, Conn. : Worthington, 1882. - 653 s. : ill.

Brady, Cyrus Townsend 1861-1920
Indian fights and fighters: the soldier and the Sioux. - New York : McClure, 1904. - 518 p. : ill.
Bibliography: 4 pages preceding p. 1 - Pp 352-355 kort redogörelse för 
Major Guy V Henry’s äventyr under Pine Ridgekampanjen 1890.  

Densmore. Frances
Teton Sioux music. - 561 s. 
= s. 3-561 i: (Bulletin //Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology ; 61)  

Militära operationer beskrivs förstås av dem som var med

Miles, Nelson Appleton, 1839-1925
Personal recollections and observations of General Nelson A. Miles, embracing a brief view of the Civil War; or, From New England to the Golden gate, and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western empire. - Chicago : The Werner Company, 1896. - 591 p. : ill. - Omslag.
   Sitting Bull. - 
  

Indianagenternas berättelser:
Redogörelser för reservatslivet får man bl a av indianagenternas berättelser. D C Poole har skrivit en av de mest intressanta etnografiskt sett. Han var agent vid Whetstone Agency.
Poole, Dewitt Clinton 
Among the Sioux of Dakota: Eighteen Months Experience as an Indian Agent / Captain D C Poole. - New York : Van Nostrand, 1881. - 234 p.
  Whetstone agency / Richmond L Clowe. - Family Search.

Journalisters reportage om indianerna kan stundtals vara intressanta:

Boyd, James P. (James Penny), 1836-1910
Recent Indian wars, under the lead of Sitting Bull, and other chiefs ; with a full account of the Messiah craze, and ghost dances / by Jamews P Boyd - [Philadelphia] : Publishers union, 1892. - 320 p. : ill.
  Contents.

Fiske, Frank Bennett, 1883-1952
The taming of the Sioux / by Frank Fiske. - Bismarck, N.D. : Bismarck tribune, 1917. - 186. : ill.


KRONOLOGI MED LITTERATUR

1. Den fria tiden : Tiden före 1850 

2. De första konflikterna : Tiden 1851-1865

3. Red clouds krig 1866-1868


4. Det drar ihop sig : Händelser före Sitting Bulls krig

Report of the Commission appointed to treat with the Sioux Indians for the relinquishment of the Black Hills /by United States. Commission Appointed to Treat with the Sioux Indians for the Relinquishment of the Black Hills / by Allison, William Boyd,8 1829-1908]… Washington : Government printing office. - 1875.

Dodge, Richard Irving, 1827-1895wiki 
The Black Hills / Richard Irving Dodge. - New York : J. Miller, 1876. - 151 p. : ill.
Våren och sommaren 1875 eskorterade överstelöjtnante Richard Irving Dodge den vetnskapliga expedition som leddes av geologen Walter P Jenney till Black HIlls i Dakotas för att undersöka ryktena om förekomsten av guld. Ett rykte som startades av general Custer sommaren innan. Under fem månader som man tillbringade på en expedition som utgick från Cheyenne i Wyoming mötte man förstås många strapatser men på andra sätt beskrev Dodge det som en angenäm picnic. "the most delightful summer of my life." 

5. Sitting Bull och Sitting Bulls krig 1876.

Custer, George Armstrong 1839-1876
My life on the plains : or, Personal experiences with indians. - New York : Sheldon & co, 1874. - 286 p.
Originallly published in the Galaxy v 13-18, 1872-74.

Custer, Elizabeth Bacon 1842-1933
”Boots and saddles”: or, Life in Dakota with General Custer. - 1 ed. - New York : Harper & Brothers, 1885. - 334 p. Map.
Appendix, with extracts from letters written by General Custer, 1873-1876: p. [271]-312

Finerty, John Frederick 1846-1908
War-path and bivouac, or The conquest of the Sioux, a narrative of stirring personal experiences and adventures in the Big Horn and Yellowstone expedition of 1876, and in the campaign on the British border, in 1879. - Chicago : [J.F. Finerty?], 1890. - 511 p.


6. Slaget vid Little Big Horn 25 juni 1976

Lz Wooden Leg
Marquis, Thomas B.
A warrior who fought Custer. - Midwest company,1931. - 429 p. : ill.

7. Tiden efter Little Big Horn 

8. Sitting Bull i landsflykt i Canada 

9. Den första reservatstiden ca 1877- 1891 och Andedansen 1890-91.

Standing Rock Heads of Families by Bands 1885

Sioux Chiefs & US Commissioners: the photograph of 
the Sioux Commission of 1888 in Washington DC


Walsh, Herbert 1851-1941
Four weeks among some of the Sioux tribes of Dakota and Nebraska : together with a brief consideration of the Indian problem. - Philadelphia : H.F. McCann, 1882. - 46 p.

Walsh, Herbert 1851-1941
Report of a visit to the great Sioux reserve, Dakota, made during the months of May and June, 1883, in behalf of the Indian rights associations. - Indian rights association, 1883. - 58 p.

9.1 DEN STORA SIOUXNATIONEN - RESERVATEN EFTER 1889
Den 2 november 1889 delades Dakotaterritoriet officiellt i staterna Nord-
och Syd-Dakota.

Siouxerna övertalas att avträda det väldiga mittpartiet mellan Cheynne River
i norr och White River i söder. Vad som återstår är:
1. Standing Rock, vars nordgräns var Cannonball River, ND och den helt raka
sydgränsen en bit nedanför Grand River SD.


     

9.4 Andedansen

Mooney, James 1861-1921
The ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890. - 495 s. : ill.
= Sid. 641-1136 i: 14th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1892-1893. - Pt 2. - In two parts. - Washington : BAE, 1896.  

Johnson, Willis Fletcher 1857-1931
The red record of the Sioux : life of Sitting Bull and history of the Indian war of 1890-91… Philadelphia : Edgewood, 1891. - 628 s.

9.5 Sitting Bulls död 1890

Vestal, Stanley
Sitting Bull Champion Of The Sioux : a biography / by Stanley Vestal. - Norman : University of Oklaoma press, 1932, - 349 s. : ill.

Vestal, Stanley
New Sources Of Indian History 1850 1891 : The Ghost Dance The Prairie Sioux : A Miscellany. - Norman : University of Oklahoma press, 1934. -351 s. - (The civilization of the american Indian)


Fechet, Edmond J
The true story of the death of Sitting Bull, great Sioux medicine man. 189?. - 18 p. : ill.

McLaughlin, James 1842-1923
My friend the Indian. - Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1910. - 473 p.

McLaughlins report   +

9.10 Massakern vid Wounded Knee 1890.

Dorsch, Peter
Wounded Knee
Spotted Elk

Vestal, Stanley
New Sources Of Indian History 1850 1891 : The Ghost Dance The Prairie Sioux : A Miscellany. - Norman : University of Oklahoma press, 1934. -351 s. - (The civilization of the american Indian)

Kelley, William Fitch 1864-1916
Pine Ridge, 1890; an eye witness accout of the events surroundig the fighting at Wounded Knee. - San Francisco : P. Bovis, 1971. - 294 p : ill.
Bibliography: p. 267. Articles originally published in the Nebraska state 
journal, Nov. 24, 1890-Jan. 16, 1891.

Fiske, Frank Bennett 1883-1952
The taming of the Sioux. - Bismarck : Bismarck tribune, 1917. - 200 p. : ill.

Fiske, Frank Bennett, 1883-1952
The taming of the Sioux / by Frank Fiske. - Bismarck, N.D. : Bismarck tribune, 1917. - 186. : ill.

Miles, Nelson Appleton 1839-1925
Personal recollections and observations of General Nelson A. Miles embracing a brief view of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western empire / Nelson Appleton Miles ; [Illustrated by Frederic Remington…Chicago : Werner, 1897. - 616 s.

Boyd, James P. (James Penny), 1836-1910
Recent Indian wars, under the lead of Sitting Bull, and other chiefs ; with a full account of the Messiah craze, and ghost dances / by Jamews P Boyd - [Philadelphia] : Publishers union, 1892. - 320 p. : ill.
  Contents.


10. Reservatstiden efter 1891

Walsh, Herbert 1851-1941
Civilization among the Sioux Indians: report of a visit to some of the Sioux 
Office of Indian Rights Association, 1883. - 71 p.

Dorsch, Peter
Long Wolf (Buffalo Bills Cirkus)


11. Lakotas under 1900-talet. 

Oglala

« Brule / Sichanghu Teton Lakota - understammarna Miniconjou »


Oglala wiki

Hyde, George E

Red Clouds Folk : A History Of The Oglala Sioux Indians. - Norman : Univesity of Oklahoma press, 1937. - 331 p. - (The Civilization of the American Indian)

Tuttle, Edmund Bostwick
The Boy's Book about Indians: Being what I Saw and Heard for Three Years on the Plains. - Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott & co, 1873. - 207 p.

Kelly, Fanny, 1845-1904
Narrative of my captivity among the Sioux Indians : with a brief account of General Sully's Indian expedition in 1864, bearing upon events occurring in my captivity / by Fanny Kelly. - Hartfordd, Conn. : Mutual Publishing Company, 1873. - 285 p.
Fångenskapsskildring.

Oglalanationen delades in i tre större band,
vart och ett av banden delas sedan in i mindre grupper med olika namn, vanligen efter deras ”hövding”, starke man eller ledare


Läs mer: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/1823/oglala-band-structure#ixzz5fKL2znuX

Oglalas (Tidiga generationer 1800-1825)

Oglalaolket har runt 1804 rekonstruerats som bestående av 1000 individer, 100 tipis, fördelade på två ”större grupper”, oshpaye, bestående av uppskattningsvis fem läger eller sub-band (wichoti) och 14 tiyoshpaye (storfamiljer). Minsta enheterna är små familjeläger tiwahe.

Oshpaye (större grupp) A.
Oglala proper maximal band (oshpaye): approximately 600 people, 60 lodges in 1804.

1. Oglala-hca, true Oglala

Mahto, or Bear tiyoshpaye: Sitting Bear- familjen (till American Horse familjen)
Iwayusota, Used Up by Begging (till Walks Underground, Black Bear familjerna)
Ite Shicha, Bad Face: Fast Whirlwind-familjen.

2. Tashnahecha-yuta , Ground Squirrel Eaters

Tashnahecha-yuta : Bad Wound familjen.
Kiyuksa, Break in Middle: Stone Knife, White Swan familjen.
Kiyuksa, systerband till ovan: Two Crows familjen.

3. Hunkpatila, Camp at the Horn

Night Cloud band?: Standing Bull familjen.
Red Lodge band?: Yellow Eagle familjen.
Kapozhela, Light-weight: Black Elk familjen.

Oshpaye (större grupp) B.

Shiyo : uppskattningsvis 400 individer, 40 tipis in 1804.

1. Shiyo proper (to Brules, c. 1830+)

Shiyo-tanka, Large Prairie Hen
Homna, Smells of Fish
Shiyo-suhula, , Small Prairie Hen

2. (Remain with Oglalas, c. 1830+)

In 1820s: Shoulder familjen?
In 1820s: Shell Man familjen?

[Troliga villospår.
Oglalanationen kring år 1804. Det är det år då Tabeau och Lewis & Clark ger oss en del data om bandstrukturen. Tabeau säger att "Okondanas” en Teton Lakota stam består av två undergrupper, egentliga "Okondanas” och "Chihaut". Lewis & Clark skriver dem såhär: "Okan-dan-dahs" and "She-o". Namnen är skrivna som de vore talade av sagesmän som talar d-varianten av Siouxspråket när man nämner 'To Scatter One's Own', och shiyo, spetsstjärtad präriehöna. Det skulle i så fall vara band av maximal storlek omfattande flera hundra personer vardera. Det är mycket möjligt, särskilt som Lewis & Clark inte hade någon vettig tolk vid tillfället, att det här beskrivna istället är Medicine Buffalos santesiouxer (östliga sioux) som assisterade Lewis & Clark under resan uppför Missouri].

Förändringar perioden 1805-1825:

Antalet individer 1825 uppskattas till ca 1500 (Gen. H. Atkinson report), vilket innebär en 50% ökning jämfört med rekonstruktionen för 1804. Typiskt för samtliga Tetons är kring 17.5% tillväxt för tiden1804-1825 (se K. M. Bray, ‘Teton Sioux Population History, 1655-1881’,Nebraska History, 75: 2, p. 174, Tabell 3), det skulle innebära en nettotillväxt på 325 individer, i.e. som förenas med Oglalas från andra Lakotagrupper.

Bray antar att dessa kan identifieras som Kuhiyanbandet,som slöt sig till de två Kiyhuksa tiyopshpaes, vilka formade kärnan av en ny ”större grupp” som skulle framträda kring åren 1825-1835. Mestadels var dessa nykomlingar från Brulegruppen. Någrda var Miniconjo. Kuhiyan var oftast fördelade på två läger:

1. De som sannolikt förenar sig med Oglalas vintern 1804-1805 i samband med hunkaceremon (se J R Walker ”Lakota Belief and Ritual, docs 72-78.

Little Bull family (till Whistler-Two Lance familjen)

Paints His Chin Red family (till Little Dog-Spotted Horse-Big Brain-No Flesh familjerna)

2. De som förenas med Oglala permanent 1820 (efter att en tid flutit mellan Brule och Oglalas tältcirklar med början 1812. (Se t ex Cloud Shield winter count; He Dogs berätelse för S. Mekeel).

Two Arrows-Lone Man family (blandar sig med Bad Face tiden 1825-1840)
Man Afraid of His Horse familjen (blir Payabyabandet, går upp i Hunkpatilalägret tiden 1825-1840).

Läs mer: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/1823/oglala-band-structure#ixzz5fKKTwCJS

Vid tiden innan Oglalas slutligen tvingades in på reservaten såg grupperna ut såhär: Oyupe, True Oglala oich Kiyaksa.

Oyupe Tiyošpaye

True Oyupe (Big Road's band). Hit hörde: Black Elk
Wakaŋ
Makaicu
(Red Dogs band)

Oglala Tiyośpaye

True Oglala
Caŋkahuaŋ
(He Dogs band). Hit hörde också: Short Bull; Amos Bad Heart Bull.
Hokayuta (Black Twin's band)
Huŋkpatila (Little Hawk and Crazy Horse's band)
Iteśica (Red Cloud's band)
Payabya (Young Man Afraid of His Horses's band)
Waglue (Chief Blue Horse, American Horse and Three Bear's band). Wagluhe wiki.

Kiyaksa Tiyošpaye

True Kiyaksa
Kuinyan
(Little Wound's band)
Tapišleca (Yellow Bear's band)

Se vidare Kingsley Bray http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/1823/oglala-band-structure




Body Parts (Sihasapa) - Looking Walker Woman

                   Old Smoke 1774-1864,
Walks as she thinks
mor till Red Cloud)
!
Man Afraid of his horses, 1800-1889,
American horse, 1830-1876,
No neck + systersonen Red Cloud + uppfostrade Bull Bear II - 1865 efter faderns död 1841.
!
Man Afraid of his horses dy 1836–1900


Stone chief

Bull Bear - 1841 Eastern Oglala (Kiyaska)
            
Little Wound 1835-1899?, Bull Bear II - 1865.
Kuinyan branch of the Kiyuksa band (Bear people)

- Old Smoke, ledare för Wagluge (Loafers), skjortbärare

- American horse, dä son till Old Smoke,men det var inte American horse d y. 1840-1908.
Han var emellertid svärson till Red Cloud.

A note on the Oyuhpe: This important Oglala band is not represented on my baseline list. There is strong evidence that this band existed as an important Oglala subdivision from early in the 1700s, and it is attested from the 1830s forward as a strong Oglala band. My research does suggest however that in the late 18th-early 19th centuries the Oyuhpe were primarily associated with the Northern Teton or Saone tribal divisions, principally the Miniconjou. This Miniconjou connection would remain strong after the Oyuhpes rejoined the Oglalas in the decade 1825-35, and is reflected in e.g. the fact that Amos Bad Heart Bull, in his drawing of the 1875 Black Hills Council, identifies the camp circle corresponding to the Oyuhpe as "Oklala Minikowoju".

Fotosamlingar

Gardner, APhotographs of Red Cloud and ....

Jackson
Photographs of indians….

Fletcher, Alice C
The Dakota Elk ceremony -7 p.
= Sid 526-532 i:
Source book in anthropology / by A L Kroeber and T T Waterman. - Berkeley : University of California Press, 1924. - 586 p. : ill.
  Bibliography.


new ©

 

Staffan Jansson

 

2017

Old smoke

Nedan Old Smokes krigarskjorta

Old Man Smoke (wiki) or Šóta (uttalas Sho-tah) föddes 1774 och dog 1864 nära Fort Laramie Wyoming i en ålder av 89 år. Han dog av naturliga orsaker, alltså av hög ålder. Chief Smoke var överhövding, stark man, för Oglalagruppen Hunk-pa-ti-la, senare kända som den viktiga Oglalagruppen. Hans tid som hövding (stark man) kan sägas vara tiden 1800-1864.
  Smoke var förstås en väldig hästtjuv och krigare i sin ungdom, men blev med tiden mer av en ledargestalt. Somliga säger att han valdes till ”överhövding”. Folket gav honom en örnfjäder för varje god gärning han gjorde för stammen, och det blev förstås med tiden en hel fäderhuva med släp. Smoke var sex och en halv fot lång och vägde säkert 125 kilo, men han var muskulöst välbyggd.

Smoke hade anor från dels Sihasapa (Blackfeet sioux) och  Hunkpatila
Hans far var Body Parts och hans mor Looking Walker Woman.

  Smoke hade 4 lakotahustrur och en från cheyennerna. Först Looking Cloud Woman en Minnicoju Sioux, sedan Comes Out Slow Woman en Oglala Sioux, därefter Burnt Her Woman Si-can-gu (Brulé) Sioux, och så Yellow Haired Woman från sydcheyennerna till sist Brown Eyes Woman en Hunk-pa-pa Sioux.

Smoke hade 10 barn. En dotter och 9 söner.
Dottern var Ulala / Spotted Horse woman. Sönerna var (adopterad) Red Cloud, (adopterad)
Bull Bear III (Porträtt ovan), Man Afraid of His Horses I, Solomon ”Smoke” II, American Horse I, Big Month (tvilling) Blue Horse (tvillling) f. 1822, Womans Dress och No Neck. 

Red Cloud adopterades då hans föräldrar dog redan när Red Cloud var tre år (1825).
Bull Bear låg uppenbarligen i fejd med sin egen familj. Red Cloud sköt ju hans far

Spotted Tails far, Tangle Hair var kusin med Smoke genom Smokes fars sida, Blackfeet siouxbandet, vilket då gjorde Spotted Tail till brorson till Smoke. (Spotted Tails dotter Bring Water hade en önskan kom att bli begravd tillsammans med hennes farfar Smoke och när hon dog 1865 vid 18 års ålder placerades hon bredvid farfar Smokes gravställning.

Smoke hade två systrar: White Cow Woman och Walks as She Thinks.
White Cow Woman hade två söner, Lone ”One” Horn och Black Bull II med Black Buffalo.
(Märk: Black Bull tog sig broderns namn Lone Horn efter dennes död 1835 och Black Bull adopterade sin bror son, Spotted Elk alias Big Foot, som sin egen son.

Walks as She Thinks hade en son, Red Cloud med Lone Man.
 
Smokes hövdingaskapet kom att utmanas 1834 och 1841. Hans nära kusin Bull Bear ville ta makten över Hunkpatilabandet, så att Smoke var tvungen att dela stammen i två hälfter. Men Bull Bear fortsatte sin fejd mot Smoke genom att kasta sand i ansiktet på honom och kalla hans hälft av bandet för ”Fula ansikten” (Bad Faces) Kiy-ya-ksa. Men Bull Bear dödades av Red Cloud 1841. Det var så Oglalas kom att bli kallade med sitt kända namn, ”De som splittrar sig”.

År 1851 efter fördraget det årett: Man Afraid I, tar upp det mesta av ledarskapets ansvar från Chief Smoke. För att Chief Smoke gjorde honom till en hedersskjortbärare på 1830-talet och gjorde honom till nästa hövding att leda folket. Han utnämnde Man Afraid I till huvudman 1851. Men Man Afraid I, sköts åt sidan när Chief Smoke dog 1864, och återigen vid fördraget 1868 av Red Cloud, chefsagenterna och generalmajoren William Tecumseh Sherman från USA:s regering. Kroppen av Chief Smoke togs bort och skickades till Smithsonian Institute efter några dagar efter hans död av en armékirurg stationerad på Fort Laramie, men 130 år senare. Resterna av Chief Smoke återlämnades till familjen Smoke 1994, de begravde honom vid staden Porcupine, South Dakota. På den där krigströjan från Chief Smoke, det var en gåva till överste William Collin från Chief Smoke, och nu är den på Smithsonian Institute.

Efter att Chief Smoke dog, försöker hans 4:e son: Chief Solomon "Smoke" II och hans barnbarn: Chief Wendell Smoke att behålla det traditionella ledarskapet i familjen Smoke. Den dog ut efter att Wendell Smoke dog 1920, men Wendells direkta barnbarnsbarn: Wendyll Smoke försöker återskapa det idag. Kanske en dag kommer Smokes att se ledarskapet återföras till sin familj. 1915 fick Wendell Smoke sin enda son; Melvin "Emil" Smoke. Tyvärr dog Emil 1967, men han har 3 barn Vi-na, Edward & Benjamin Smoke som lever idag. Emil har 5 barnbarn som bär namnet Smoke; Oleaupi, Wendyll, Gwendyllyn, Šótah C., BJ Smoke & 1 barnbarnsbarn Zhaine Smoke. Det fanns 2 döttrar till Emil men den andra dottern dog 2002 & hon hette Bertha Smoke; 44. Emil har 12 barnbarn & många barnbarnsbarn. Men bara en bär namnet Smoke & det är Zhaine! Emil lyckades aldrig till ställningen som den traditionella hövdingen och hans söner; Edward & Ben vill inte ha det. Gubben rök; 89 {1774-1864}, "Smoke" II; 60 {1835-1895}, Wendell Smoke; 44 {1876-1920}, Emil Rök; 52 {1915-1967}.

In 1851, the treaty: Man Afraid I, took up most of the responsibilities of the leadership from Chief Smoke. Because Chief Smoke made him as an Honoring Shirt-wearer in the 1830’s, & made him the next chief to lead the people. He appointed Man Afraid I a main-head man in 1851. But Man Afraid I, was pushed aside when Chief Smoke died in 1864, & again at the Treaty of 1868 by Red Cloud, the head Agents & Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the U.S. Government.

The body of Chief Smoke was removed & sent to the Smithsonian Institute after couple days of his death by an Army Surgeon stationed at Fort Laramie, but 130 years later. The remains of Chief Smoke were return to the Smoke family in 1994, they buried him by the town of Porcupine, South Dakota. On that War-shirt of Chief Smoke, that was a gift to Col. William Collin from Chief Smoke, & now it's in the Smithsonian Institute. 

After Chief Smoke died, his 4th son: Chief Solomon “Smoke” II & his grandson: Chief Wendell Smoke try to keep the traditional leadership going in the Smoke family. It died out after Wendell Smoke died in 1920, but Wendell’s direct great-grandson: Wendyll Smoke is trying to restate it today. Maybe one day the Smokes will see the leadership returned to their family. In 1915 Wendell Smoke had his only son; Melvin “Emil” Smoke. Sadly Emil died in 1967, but he has 3 children Vi-na, Edward & Benjamin Smoke who are alive today. Emil has 5 grandchildren carry the Smoke name; Oleaupi, Wendyll, Gwendyllyn, Šótah C., BJ Smoke & 1 great-grandson Zhaine Smoke. There were 2 daughters of Emil but the 2nd daughter died in 2002 & her named was Bertha Smoke; 44. Emil has 12 grandchildren & many great-grandchildren. But only 1 carry the Smoke name & that is Zhaine! Emil never succeeded to the position of the traditional chief & his sons; Edward & Ben don’t want it. Old Man Smoke; 89 {1774-1864}, “Smoke” II; 60 {1835-1895}, Wendell Smoke; 44 {1876-1920}, Emil Smoke; 52 {1915-1967}.

The Smoke family was the most prominent & dominant family amongst the Lakotas during the 18th & 19th centuries. 

The Pine Ridge B.I.A. Papers says: the Smokes are 31/32 Oglala. The Smoke family is mostly Oglala, but also from the Si-ha-Sa-pa, Si-can-gu & Minni-con-ju Lakota Sioux. The American Horse I & Woman Dress Families is apart Cheyenne, & not the Smokes. 

There are 9 original Smokes who are alive today, & who are the direct descendants of the old Chief Smoke. The oldest to the youngest; Vi-na Conroy Smoke, Edward Smoke, Benjamin Smoke & Oleaupi Good Lance Smoke, Wendyll Smoke, Gwendyllyn Smoke, & Šótah Conroy, Benny Smoke Jr. & Zhaine Smoke. 

The founder & writer of Indian Country Today, Tim Giago said; "If there was so called a throne among the Lakota or Sioux people today. The Red Cloud family would be the royal family & Chief Oliver Red Cloud would be sitting on the Lakota Sioux throne." But one of the old Chief Smoke's direct grandsons, Wendyll Smoke says different; if you trace the history back, you would see there are two old original lines that came out of the old Chief Smoke; the Man Afraid & Smoke families, who are the rightful royal heirs, if you put it in that fact. So it is possibility that Chief Man Afraid I's direct great great grandson, Ed Afraid of His Horses or Chief Solomon “Smoke” II's direct great great grandson, Wendyll Smoke would be sitting on the Teton Lakota Sioux throne of today! 



Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/239/chief-smoke-family?page=4#ixzz5fKm4xcXGr

Brule / Sichanghu


Sichanghu ('burnt thighs') A band of the Brule Teton Sioux.

Brule ('burned,' the French translation of, Sichangu, `burnt thighs,' their own name, of indefinite origin). A subtribe of the Teton division of the great Dakota tribe. They are mentioned by Lewis and Clark (1804) as the Tetons of the Burnt Woods, numbering about 300 men, "who rove on both sides of the Missouri, White, and Teton rivers."

In 1806 they were on the east side of the Missouri from the mouth of the White to Teton river. Hayden (Ethnog. and Philol. 1fo. Valley, 372, 1862) describes the country inhabited by them in 1850 as on the headwaters of the White and Niobrara, extending down these rivers about, half their length, Teton river forming the north limit. He also says they were for a number of years heaed by a chief named Makozaza, very friendly to the whites, who by uniformly good management and just government kept his people in order, regulated their hunts, and usually avoided placing them in the starving situations incident to hands led by less judicious chiefs.

They were good hunters, usually well clothed and supplied with meat, and had comfortable lodges and a large number of horses. They varied their occupations by hunting buffalo, catching wild horses, and snaking war expeditions against the Arikara, then stationed on the Platte, or the Pawnee, lower down on that river. Every summer excursions were made by the young men into the Platte and Arkansas country in quest of wild horses, which abounded there at that time.

After emigrants to California and Oregon began to pass through the Dakota country, the Brule suffered more from diseases introduced by them than any other division of the tribe, being nearest to the trail. The treaty of Apr. 29, 1868, between the Sioux bands and the Government was in a large degree brought about through the exertions of Swift Bear, a Brule chief. Nevertheless, it was about this time or shortly after that a band of Brule¦ took part in the attack on Maj. Forsyth on Republican river. Hayden gives 150 as the number of their lodges in 1856.

In 1890 the Upper Brule on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, numbered 3,245; the Lower Brule at Crowcreek and Lower Brule agency, South Dakota, 1,026. Their present number as distinct from the other Teton is not given.

The group is divided geographically into the Kheyatawichasha or Upper Brule, the Kutawichasha or Lower Brule, and the Brule of the Platte.

The subdivisions are given by different authorities as follows:

In 1880 Tatankawakan, a Brule, gave to J. O. Dorsey the names of 13 bands of the Brule, Upper and Lower:

Rev. W. J. Cleveland (MS. list, 1884) enumerates the modern divisions as:

The Brule of the Platte, not included in the above lists, are a part of the Brule (Stanley in Poole, Among the Sioux, 232, 1881) formerly connected with Whetstone.

Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/533/brule-sioux-indian-tribe-history#ixzz5fUzSawrE

Miniconjou


Miniconjou Wiki

In c. 1800 there were three main ‘maximal bands’ – units with claims to specific subsets of the tribal domain – among the Miniconjou. These were the Miniconjou proper, the Taku-hkpa-ya, and the Wanonwakteninan. Each of these comprised several hundred people, and several extended family bands (tiyoshpaye). Behind this overview we can detect the presence of an ancestral band, the Hohwozhu, which during the 18th century attracted bands from other Lakota and Dakota divisions. My growing hunch is that the Hohwozhu family line threads through many of the historic bands listed by e.g. Riggs and Josephine Waggoner. Tonight let’s look at the Taku-hkpa-ya. In 1795 Truteau assigned them 80 lodges, approximately 800 people. My analysis suggests they should break down something like this:

A. Wakpokiyan Flies Along the Creek • Wakpokiyan proper One Horn family: from Santee 1745?• Hunkapi, or “Grandmother Band” (from Hohwozhu) Lame Deer family• Shikshichela from Santee 1745?• Big Belly from intermarriage with Two Kettles?• Red-Topped Tipis Red Warbonnet – from Santee; to Brule 1802+

B. Wagleza-owin Gartersnake Earring• Wagleza-owin proper Little Crow family• From Hohwozhu Humpback family • Another tiyoshpaye? Ista-caniye?

C. Oyuhpe or Taku-hkpa-ya from Oglala 1767• Oyuhpe • Cut Testicles• Wakan

D. Ashke Lock of Hair, Wrapped Hair (Not Braided)• Ashke Iron Man: from Wazhazha/Brule c. 1790+• No Mother from Hohwozhu: intermarried with Ashke, elements of both return to Brule 1807-20

Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/2181/miniconjou-band-structure#ixzz5fV0ibiyI

The second maximal band, or oshpaye, we need to consider was the Miniconjou proper. In c. 1800 I think they number about 75 lodges, 750 people, about 10 or 12 tiyoshpaye. Their principal leader was Thunder Hoop. I think they break down something like this:

A. Unkche-yuta, Dung Eaters. Corn Man (father of Crazy Horse's stepmothers) was the itanchan by 1830s

1. Unkche-yuta proper.2. Maga-yuha, field owner3. Maka-mignake (associated after c. 1850 with White Hollow Horns-Little Bear)

B. Glaglahecha, Slovenly. Associated with Swan dynasty from c. 1740 forward.4. Glaglahecha proper.5. Black-Topped Tipis6. Swan7. Tahuka (Buffalo Hide) - derived from core Hohwozhu band?

C. Inyanha-owin, Musselshell Earrings. 8. Familjeöverhuvuden: Pte San Hunka tiyoshpaye (Joseph White Bull belongs to dynastic family)9. Feather Earrings tiyoshpaye10. Fire Thunder tiyoshpaye

Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/2181/miniconjou-band-structure#ixzz5fV0zWNvr

The last of the three maximal bands of the Miniconjou c. 1800 was the Wanonwakteninan, a name which means to kill accidentally, without intending. The band was also known as the Broken Arrow, from one of the sub-bands, with the soundalike Lakota name Wanhinwega (lit. to break an arrow with the foot - a reference to the arrow used in swearing veracity to a a maiden's virginity or woman's fidelity). The Broken Arrow group may be doubly significant, because according to Cheyenne River historian Bronco LeBeau, the Broken Arrow and Gartersnake Earring bands were the two oldest Miniconjou bands. The Two Kettle were still another sub-band, which divided from the parent band about the year 1840 and created an autonomous tribal division or oyate.

In 1800 the band numbered about 650 people, approximately 65 lodges and ten tiyoshpaye. Their principal leaders included itanchan No Heart and Shirt Wearer Two Lance (father of the Four Bears line of Two Kettle chiefs). They should break down something like this. (TK) indicates a tiyoshpaye or family that aligned with the Two Kettles after 1840.

1. Wanonwakteninan proper - 2 tiyoshpaye, 1 (TK)2. Oiglapta, Eat Everything Up (TK - Four Bears)3. Wanhinwega, Broken Arrow4. Shunka-yuteshni, Eat No Dogs - 2 tiyoshpaye, No Heart and (TK) Long Mandan5. Nige tanka, Big Belly - 2 tiyoshpaye, 1 (TK)6. Mawahkota (TK)7. Keze Shicha, Bad Barbs - to Sichangu after 1832

Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/2181/miniconjou-band-structure#ixzz5fV1BVcLy


————————
In accordance with the "Teton Sioux Population History, 1655-1881" taking the number of Miniconjou in 1805 about 200 lodges, we find that Wanonwakteninan is only about 45 lodges and 450 people in them. Taking into account the data on the Two Kettles, the composition of the group Broken Arrow will be something like this:

Wanonwakteninan

A. Wannawegha broken arrow

• Wannawegha proper, No Heart family

At Josephine Waggoner's eupominayutsya Two Kettles following groups:

But also meets the following name Spotted Elk's band – Hehepiya, Foot of the Hills.


Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/2181/miniconjou-band-structure#ixzz5fV1Q7HJV


In c. 1800 there were three main ‘maximal bands’ – units with claims to specific subsets of the tribal domain – among the Miniconjou. These were the Miniconjou proper, the Taku-hkpa-ya, and the Wanonwakteninan. Each of these comprised several hundred people, and several extended family bands (tiyoshpaye).

A. Wakpokiyan Flies Along the Creek

B. Wagleza-owin Gartersnake Earring

C. Oyuhpe or Taku-hkpa-ya from Oglala 1767

D. Ashke Lock of Hair, Wrapped Hair (Not Braided)



Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/2181/miniconjou-band-structure?page=2#ixzz5fV1aeXuD


Sans Arc / Itazipcho

« Miniconjou Teton Lakota - understammarna Two kettle / Ohenonpa »

Sans Arc / Itazipcho wiki

The Sans Arcs, 1850-1870
by Kingsley M. Bray

In 1850 Thaddeus Culbertson observed that the Sans Arc (Itazipcho, or Without Bows) division of the Teton Lakota, consisted of three bands:

1. Sans Arc proper chief: Crow Feather
2. Minisa chief: Lazy Bear
3. Ham Eaters chief: Medicine Man

This is probably a new Crow Feather II, son to the first who was active in the period 1815-40.

At this time the Sans Arcs were rated at about 1000 people, one of the smaller of the seven Teton tribal divisions. Their hunting range was to the north and east of the Black Hills, extending east to the Missouri River. They claimed the same lands as the Miniconjou. By this period they also enjoyed a close link to the Hunkpapa, often hunting and travelling with Hunkpapa hosts in the country north of Grand River. I detect a pattern of generational shifts across the period 1750-1875, with the Sans Arcs alternately enjoying their prime relationship with:
a) the Miniconjou, frames 1750-85; 1815-45.
b) the Hunkpapa, frames 1785-1815; 1845+.
I wonder if this is connected to the succession of Calf Pipe Keepers, reflecting the affiliations, marriages, etc. of individual Keepers. My provisional list of Keepers' dates for this period is as follows:

Elk Head I, ca. 1815-46 (noted by Catlin, 1832; Nicollet, 1839; death noted in ---- winter count)
Hollow Horn, 1846-76/7 (noted by Gen. Harney, 1855)
Elk Head II, 1877-1915



During the period 1850-80 up to eight bands made up the Sans Arc tribe (chiefs as period 1865-80):


1. Itazipco-hca, Sans Arc Proper
2. Minisa, Red Water (Black Hawk?)
3. Sina-luta-oin, Red Cloth Ear-ring (Black Eagle)
4. Woluta-yuta, Ham Eaters (Blue Coat)
5. Mazpegnake, Metal Hair Ornaments (Brown Thunder)
6. Tatanka-cesli, Bull Dung (Spotted Eagle, Red Bear, Looks Up)
7. Siksicela, Bad Ones (Elk Head, Martin Charger)
8. Tiyopa-ocannumpa, Pipe at Door

A number of Sans Arc bands are listed by Josephine Waggoner, but not reported elsewhere, as follows:
Waggoner list KMB transl. Remarks
Wipasabyote Many Black-Topped Tipis ?Miniconjou
Sunka-yutesni Eat No Dogs Miniconjou
Tiyopa-sa-yuha Owns Red Door ?=Pipe at Door
Lejeglatkan Drink Own Urine Miniconjou 1850
Oohe-nompa Two Kettle
Owesica ?Bad Wound

In 1855 Harney noted two main Sans Arc chiefs, Crow Feather II and Hollow Horn - the latter the Calf Pipe Keeper until Elk Head assumed the keepership in 1877. The Sans Arc chiefs recognized by Harney in 1856 were:
1. Crow Feather II 6. Red-Tailed Eagle II (Burnt Face)
2. Big Brain 7. Black Magpie
3. Grass Dog 8. The Wear Out
4. Yellow Hawk I 9. The One That Leaves Alone
5. Bull Man 10. The High One

Hayden, ca. 1857, tabulated two Sans Arc bands, the Minisa, rated at 80 lodges and led by Crazy Heart; and the Plenty Horses (not subsequently noted), 75 lodges, led by Crow Feather. The Minisa were more identified with the eastern end of the Sans Arc range, within the mainstem Missouri valley; while the nickname Plenty Horses indicates a more westerly distribution, with access to the horse trade region south and west of the Black Hills. This band therefore had closer links, through Upper Miniconjou relatives, to Southern Teton trade partners.

Crow Feather died in 1858. His son was then eighteen years old, and although his father's certificates and papers were bequeathed to Crow Feather III, he was not recognized as a chief until October 1865, when he signed the Fort Sully treaty.

During the period 1856-65 the Northern Teton bands were polarised into anti- and pro-U.S. factions. In summer 1858 the Northern Tetons were angry at news of the Yankton land cession, and the Sans Arcs in particular were said to be "in open hostility to the U.S." (CoIA AR 1858: SDHC XXVII, p. 245). In fall 1860 Agent Twiss reported from the Upper Platte that the Sans Arcs and the Hunkpapas, although their chiefs and headmen remained in favour of the U.S. alliance, were controlled by young men - probably chapters of the Strong Heart society. In 1862 (ibid p. 299) "the portion of the Sans Arcs who were opposed to intercourse with the Government" assassinated Hunkpapa head chief Bear Ribs. The alternating year pattern is strongly suggestive of a warrior society - surely the Strong Hearts - being elected to police duties on a one-year on, one-year off basis.

It may be that the last four Shirt Wearers recognized by the Sans Arcs:
 Black Eagle Scarlet Cloth Earring band born 1829
 Blue Coat Ham Eaters band
 Looks Up Bull Dung band
 Elk Head Siksicela band born ca. 1825
were seated at this time (Sun Dance 1860?). None of these men was a Harney chief or later associated with the agency, suggesting an alternative non-treaty leadership. Perhaps the 1858 death of Crow Feather II contributed to this situation.

Among the Sans Arc (and Hunkpapa) these factional divisions were mapped onto the existing west-east band dichotomy outlined above. We can detect ideological shifts by families and perhaps tiyospayes, however. Thus the keepership of the Calf Pipe ran in a family within the Minisa band, at the eastern, or pro-US end of the Sans Arc distribution. In 1832 and 1839 Elk Head (Keeper 6: ca. 1810-ca. 1850) had been named as a Sans Arc chief, and was doubtless the contemporary Keeper. In 1855 Harney noted Hollow Horn (Keeper 7: ca. 1846-77) as the next chief in this dynasty, but he is absent from the ten Sans Arc leaders recognized by Harney the following year. This suggests that Hollow Horn was disenchanted with the tribal council's bid to appease Harney. Elk Head lived in the Siksicela band (married-in?) when he was made a Shirt Wearer (1860's?). Conversely Crow Feather III, after being made a chief in 1865, gradually switched allegiance to the eastern, pro-US bands.

A small Sans Arc faction, stated to be only 26 lodges in 1865, continued to accept annuities after the crisis of 1862 (when 'hostile' Sans Arc warriors assassinated Bear Ribs, the Hunkpapa leader of the Teton peace faction). In September 1862 the friendly Yanktonai and Teton gathered at Fort Pierre, the Sans Arcs being represented by Yellow Hawk I and Red-Tailed Eagle II. The former was married to Julia Deloria/Des Lauriers, the daughter of a Frenchman and a Dakota woman. Charger (born ca. 1833), of the Siksicela band of Sans Arcs, was a leading man in this camp, a co-founder of the Fool Soldiers, a pro-U.S. akicita force drawn from the Sans Arc and Two Kettle 'friendly' contingent.

At Fort Sully, October 11, 1865, the treaty commission met the Sans Arcs in council. Two chiefs were present, Red Tailed Eagle and Dog Grass [Grass Dog in Harney list of chiefs], plus several warriors. They said that in their camp, i.e. the main 'friendly' camp of Sans Arcs, were present Big Head and Yellow Hawk. Crow Feather was dead and his son was not yet a chief. Of the Harney chiefs, Bull Man, Black Magpie, The Wear Out, The One that Leaves Alone, and High One, are not mentioned at all. They mention one unnamed chief (Yellow Hawk?) who started out with them, but who had to turn back because his horse was injured. Therefore it looks as if most of the unnamed chiefs are to be identified with the 'hostile' faction in 1865. They also state that the Sans Arcs had six bands, but also mention eight "head chiefs", plus another fourteen "soldiers" who were counted among the (total of twenty-two) chiefs. Since Harney recognized ten chiefs, including the late Crow Feather II, it may be that one more of the Harney chiefs had died too, resulting in the eight chiefs mentioned.

Also present on October 11 were the following warriors:

Afraid of Bear (head soldier) (man of this name in lodge next but one to Burnt Face 1871, so probably Red-Tailed Eagle's head soldier)
Black Dog (soldier) (man of this name in Black Hawk's band 1875)
Bull Eagle (soldier)
Black Woodpecker (warrior)
Crow Eagle (warrior: Oglala who lives with Sans Arcs)

On October 20, three chiefs signed the treaty:
1. Red-Tailed Eagle
2. Yellow Hawk (now present)
3. Fool Dog.

Red-Tailed Eagle stated that he represented 26 lodges of Sans Arcs that accepted annuities under the 1851 Treaty, and that among them were eight soldiers then present. It looks as if the above three chiefs were all headmen of a single band, which I suggest is the Sans Arc proper band. Possibly Fool Dog is the same man as Dog Grass. Six (nb. not eight) "chief soldiers" also signed (note they do not overlap with the warriors present on the 11th):
Bear's Heart
Afraid of Nothing (man of this name in Hurts Himself's band 1875; man of this name also in Straight Head's band, 1876 Reg.)
Nine (man of this name in Black Eagle's band, Red Cloth Earrings, 1875)
Bear's Ears (Yellow Hawk I's son)
Black Hoop
Bird Necklace (Yellow Hawk's band)

Later Crow Feather III [born ca. 1840] arrived and, now noted as a chief, he participated in the council of October 28. With him were Gray Hair [born 1816, rated chief 1875], Red Hair, Eagle Shield, and Black Bear (status undefined), all of whom added their marks to the treaty.

Winter 1865-66, 20 lodges of Sans Arcs camped near Fort Sully.

On June 7, 1866 45 Sans Arc lodges were at Fort Sully for new talks with the treaty commission, chief Yellow Hawk. Note, however, that when substantive talks opened on June 11, Burnt Face and Yellow Hawk both spoke for the Sans Arcs. On June 21 the commission met more chiefs at Fort Rice, including three lodges of Sans Arcs, chief Angry Heart.

Winter 1866-67, 38 lodges of Sans Arcs camped near Dirt Lodges above old Fort Sully. This would be the Peoria Bottom location later settled by the Yellow Hawk tiyospaye. Several Sans Arc leaders went to Washington early in 1867, inc. Yellow Hawk, Red-Tailed Eagle and Charger. Yellow Hawk and Red-Tailed Eagle were at Fort Sully June 1867. Burnt Face (aka Red-Tailed Eagle) was at Fort Sully in March, 1868, indicating that his band had wintered 1867-68 nearby, as did key 'friendly' players such as Grass (Sihasapa), Iron Horn (Miniconjou), and Long Mandan (Two Kettle). Most of these bands planted at Little Bend in May 1868.

The 1868 treaty was signed at Fort Rice by four Sans Arc leaders:

1. One that has Neither Horn
2. Red Plume (i.e. Red-Tailed Eagle II)
3. Yellow Hawk
4. No Horn.

In July 1869 46 Sans Arc lodges were enrolled at Cheyenne River, including chief Burnt Face (Red-Tailed Eagle); 5 lodges were at Grand River Agency. In August 1869 Col. Stanley reported that one-third of the Sans Arcs was “peaceable”, equivalent to ca. 65 lodges; the remaining two-thirds (130 lodges) were “hostile”. In November 1869 Crow Feather and 20 lodges were at Grand River Agency, and issued 7 days' rations on Nov. 5. In November 1871 90 Sans Arc lodges were tallied at Cheyenne River Agency, including Burnt Face and Fool Dog. (Note that Fool Dog was tallied as a Sans Arc headman, with 5 lodges, at Spotted Tail Agency, winter 1873-74.) This means that, assuming a total Sans Arc population of 195 lodges (as in 1870), in excess of 100 Sans Arc lodges were elsewhere. In September 1871 the Grand River agent reported that 120 lodges of Sans Arcs were then (visiting) at his agency. In 1873 Grand River (now removed to Standing Rock) continued to report the presence of visiting Sans Arcs.

After 1868 Yellow Hawk's tiyospaye was at Peoria Bottom. Note that Harney had had some warehouses and cabins erected at Peoria Bottom during the winter of 1868-69, intending to locate an agency there. When this plan was scrapped, Yellow Hawk was given one of the cabins, which was still standing in 1951. Yellow Hawk died ca. 1870, to be succeeded by his son Yellow Hawk II (born ca. 1844), who was supported by his younger brother Bear Ears. This tiyospaye was successfully missionised by the Riggs mission which established itself at Oahe, farming successfully. They formed the core of the 'progressive' faction of Sans Arcs



Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/222/sans-arc#ixzz5fV1w02ZT

new ©

 

Staffan Jansson

 

2017

TWO KETTLE / OHENONPA

Författarens namn

Om Two Kettles se Kingsley M. Bray. (American-tribes.com)

The Two Kettles (Oohe-nompa) var nära Miniconjouerna, ursprungligen en del av undergruppen Broken Arrow-bandet. De bröt sig ut under tidigt 1840-tal. Det fanns tre huvudsakliga band, nämligen egentliga Broken Arrows, Two Kettles och Eat no dogs. 
 There were three basic sub-bands: the Broken Arrow proper, the Two Kettle, and the Eat No Dogs. As late as 1840 S. R. Riggs, visiting Fort Pierre from Minnesota, noted "The Oohenonpa or Shunkayutexni", i.e. Eat No Dogs, at 100 lodges "and commonly range north of the Black-feet." The Sihasapa range is given as Grand River. 

About 1840-41 the Broken Arrow band broke up. Two tiyoshpaye, the Broken Arrows proper and the Eat No Dogs, remained part of the Miniconjou tribal organization. Their leading families in the succeeding generation included such famous names as Black Shield, No Heart, and Hump. Part of the band simply dissolved, families joining relatives across the Lakota domain. The third segment formed a newly autonomous band, the Two Kettles. Unlike their parent band, which had an unenviable reputation - "not well looked upon by the other bands of Sioux, being considered rather refractory & ungovernable", according to Atkinson in 1825 - the Two Kettles would create a very different community. 

At a time in the 1840s when the first hints of buffalo depletion were apparent, the Two Kettle leadership soon formulated a new strategy. They co-operated closely with traders and official US personnel, settling semi-permanently near such trading posts as Fort George and Fort Pierre. Some groups planted small gardens of corn and beans. E. T. Denig characterised the Two Kettles as thrifty, able hunters who trapped for fine furs and participated only marginally in the expansionist war complex identified with most Tetons. 

This response to the gathering resource crisis was approved by many Teton peoples. The proof is in the growth of the division, which grew from 60 lodges in 1850 to peak at ca. 170 just fifteen years later. People must have been marrying in to the group in very significant numbers to create this growth, which far outran the average for the Tetons as a whole. 

The first separate notice I can find is that of Andrew Dripps, in his capacity as Upper Missouri agent, who distributed presents to the Two Kettles (at Fort Pierre?) on March 25, 1844 (SDHC 9: 200). Other distributions were to recognized tribal divisions. The Two Kettle goods were receipted for by chiefs Two Soldiers and Four Bears. In August 1845 A. R. Bouis, writing from Fort Pierre, stated that 15 lodges of Two Kettles had taken possession of the abandoned buildings of Fort George. The rest of the band had gone hunting on White River, but had left their baggage at Fort George. (SDHC 12: 206-07.) We know that Four Bears himself took over the buildings. In 1850 Culbertson rated the Two Kettles at 60 lodges, @standard = 420 people, chief Four Bears. 

Several tiyospaye are reported for the later 19th Century, including the following noted by Josephine Waggoner:

tiyospaye chiefs and headmen
1. Wanuwaktenula, [Killed Accidentally] Swift Bird
2. Sunka-yutesni, Eat No Dogs Long Mandan I
3. Minisa-la, Red Water Black Spotted Horse
4. Oiglapta, [Take All That Is Left] Four Bears II

The December 1876 Cheyenne River Register lists Two Kettle bands, of which several are "consolidated", indicating either (a) hierarchies of nested or (b) amalgamated tiyospayes. The consolidated bands (with Waggoner attributions added) are as follows:
1. (a) Long Mandan (Eat No Dogs band)
(b) Bear Eagle
(c) Red Tomahawk
(d) Whirlwind

2. (a) Four Bears II (Oiglapta band)
(b) Swift Bird (Killed Accidentally)
(c) Black Spotted Horse (Red Water)

The above indicates that these "consolidated" bands - especially Four Bears' group - are more factions of amalgamated tiyospayes. We know for instance that Killed Accidentally and Eat No Dogs were originally both tiyospaye within the Broken Arrow band. Each one has aligned itself with one of the two leading families (Long Mandan; Four Bears) of the Two Kettles. It is worth noting that according to a statement by Two Lances (Two Kettle headman, 1865) Long Mandan I (born 1804) was originally a Sihasapa who married in to the Two Kettles.

The existence of a Minisa tiyospaye is surprising, representing an offshoot from the Sans Arc parent-band (possibly via the Minisa splinter that rejoined the Sans Arcs in 1845, after a lengthy sojourn among the Brules). Note too that in the December 29, 1876 register (p.160) Black Spotted Horse, headman of the Minisa, has in his lodge another man, Elk Head, who died at the agency about May 1877. The name again ties Black Spotted Horse to the leading family of the Sans Arc Minisa.

Riggs and Dorsey divide the Two Kettles into two bands:
1. Two Kettles proper
2. Mawahota, Skin Smeared with Whitish Earth.

Toksha!

Kingsley
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Two kettle / Ohenonpa


Two Kettle Wiki

Oohenonpa ('two boilings' ). A division of the Teton Sioux, commonly known as Two Kettle Sioux, or Two Kettles; also a subdivision thereof.

No mention of it is made by Lewis and Clark, Long, or other earlier explorers.

It is stated in a note to De Smet's Letters (1843) that the band was estimated at 800 persons.

Culbertson (1850) estimated them at 60 lodges, but gives no locality and says they have no divisions.

Gen. Warren (1856) found them much scattered among other bands and numbering about 100 lodges.

Cumming (Rep. Ind. Aff. for 1856) places them on the s. side of the Missouri.

Hayden (1862) says they passed up and down Cheyenne r. as far as Cherry cr. and Moreau and Grand rs., not uniting with other bands.

Their principal chief then was Matotopa, or Four Bears, a man of moderate capacity but exercising a good influence on his people. They lived entirely on the plains, seldom going to war, and were good hunters and shrewd in their dealings with the traders. They treated with respect white children who came among them as traders or visitors.

They were on the warpath in 1866 at the time of the Ft Phil. Kearney massacre, yet it is not certain that they took an active part in this attack. By teaty made at Ft Sully, Dak., on Oct. 19, 1865, they agreed to cease attacking whites or Indians except in self defense and to settle permanently on designated lands. This treaty was signed on their behalf by chiefs Chatanskah (White Hawk), Shonkahwakkonkedeshkah (Setted Horse), Mahtotopah (Four Bears), and others, and was faithfully observed by them unless they were in the Sitting Buff uprising of 1876, which is doubtful.

Neither contagion nor war materially reduced the number of the Oohenonpa, which seems to have remained comparatively stationary up to 1887, when it was reported as 642, the last separate official enumeration.

They reside on Cheyenne River res., S. Dak., with Sihasapa, Miniconjou, and Sans Arcs.

Only two subdivisions were known to Dorsey, the Oohenonpah and Iawakhota.

Kettle band.- Culbertson in Smithson. Rep . 1850 142 ,18,51. 1851.

Kettle band Sioux - Gumming in If. R. Es. Doe. 65, 34th Cong., 1st ses.., 4, 1856.

Niti'a-o-iih'-a-is.- Hayden, Ethnog. and l'hilnl. No. Vol., 290, 1862

(Cheyenne name). Ohanapa.

*******

The posting above was originally published in 1906 as part of a two volume set of books titled, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, by Frederick Webb Hodge, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Taken from:
www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/siouan/oohenonpahist.htm

Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/535/oohenonpa-sioux-indian-tribe-history#ixzz5fV4FC0OI

Sihasapa / Blackfeet sioux


SIHASAPA wiki

ORIGINS OF THE SIHASAPA (BLACKFOOT SIOUX) TRIBE BY KINGSLEY M. BRAY When Lakota peoples settled on the Great Sioux Reservation after the Treaty of 1868, several tribal divisions chose the northernmost agency – known after 1874 as Standing Rock – as their home.

Yanktonai people of both the Upper and Lower (or Hunkpatina) divisions settled in the North Dakota segment of the reservation. Down the Missouri south from reservation headquarters, and along the Grand River, settled people belonging to two tribal divisions of the Teton Lakota – the Hunkpapa and the Sihasapa, or Blackfoot Sioux.

Because of the fame of leaders like Sitting Bull, the Hunkpapa attracted the attention of early historians of the Sioux wars. Writers like Stanley Vestal interviewed elders extensively about Hunkpapa history, helping us to reconstruct the early band and leadership structure of that tribe (see THE HUNKPAPA TRIBE section on this website). The situation is very different for the Sihasapa.

The principal Sihasapa leader of Sitting Bull’s generation was John Grass, one of the great statesmen of the Lakota people –and one of the greatest Lakota warriors in intertribal wars with foes like the Arikaras.

In one of the bitter ironies of Lakota history, the commitment of men like John Grass to peace, dialog and diplomacy with the U.S.A. made them a lot less interesting to historians concentrating on the clashes and battles of the Indian Wars. Consequently we know a lot less about the Sihasapa and the early families that shaped their tribal organization and leadership.

So what follows is a preliminary exploration of Sihasapa beginnings – but since one Lakota consultant of mine identified the Sihasapa as “really great scouts” maybe a scouting expedition into their deep past is no bad starting point!

One of John Grass’s contributions to the history of his people was an interview he gave in 1880 to ethnologist James Owen Dorsey listing the six bands or tiyoshpaye into which the Sihasapa tribe was divided. Each band was a cluster of extended families linked by blood, marriage and ceremonial (hunka) adoption.

For most of the year people lived in band-level camps, but each summer they gathered in larger tribal villages to hunt the buffalo and offer the great ceremony of the Sun Dance. The village was pitched in a great circle, with each band assigned a place. Special honor was accorded certain places in the circle such as the ‘horns’ that flanked the east-facing entrance or tiyopa, and the chief place facing the tiyopa. John Grass identified the locations of each band in the Sihasapa circle as follows.

Next to the tiyopa, band no. 1 occupied the south horn, then the sequence follows the circle sunwise round to the north horn where band no. 6 was located.

What we don’t know is which families and chiefs belonged to which band. From his interview with John Grass, Dorsey did note that the contemporary chief of the Wazhazha band was Kill Eagle, a prominent headman whose report of the Battle of the Little Bighorn is one of the great Lakota historical accounts.

Strangely, when John Grass was re-interviewed over thirty years later about Sihasapa bands, he gave a partial list and again remarked in passing that the Wazhazha was Kill Eagle’s band – but again didn’t identify the other bands with names of leaders!

Maybe modern descendants can help in providing this important information which will help understand the past of the Sihasapa people.

One thing that Lakota accounts seem to agree on is that the Sihasapa and their Hunkpapa neighbors are sister tribes, offshoots of a single parent group.

One of the new treasure troves of the Standing Rock tribal archives is the collection of Col. A. B. Welch’s papers, drawing on decades of interviews he conducted with the people of Standing Rock.

In 1928 Fast Horse told Welch “How Tetonawa Tribes were named”. In his discussion Fast Horse mentioned of the Sihasapa that “One time they were Hunkpapas.”

The seven Teton tribes (the Hunkpapa, Sihasapa, Sans Arc, Two Kettle, Miniconjou, Oglala and Brule) of the Lakota Nation have for centuries lived on the prairies of western Minnesota and the Dakotas.

As they migrated into and across the Missouri River valley during the 18th Century they acquired horses from the plains and firearms from French and British traders. Increased warfare and new European diseases decimated many bands and destroyed others, survivors shifting to join relatives across the Lakota world.

It was a period of great change, and older divisions broke up and reassembled in new tribal groupings. New names replaced old, families found new homes or formed new bands.

Bands ancestral to the Hunkpapa-Sihasapa group, for instance, were originally part of the Oglala but broke away, intermarried with other Tetons and other tribes like the Cheyennes and Arikaras, to create powerful new tribes out of the demographic chaos of the 18th Century.

According to traditions from the Cheyenne River Reservation (where part of the Sihasapa also settled) at a time when the Tetons were encamped on the Vermillion River in southeast South Dakota, a smaller camp stayed behind when the main village moved on. Meshing tradition with contemporary European accounts and maps, my guess would be that this split fits somewhere in the period 1725-50.

One extended family group of the stay-behinds, maybe 60 people, stuck together to form their own tiyoshpaye. Living in five tipis, they were a small band to claim autonomy – symbolised by a council fire that band elders preserved as they moved across the prairies – so they were known as Ti-Zaptan or Five Lodges.

Direct descendants of this tiyoshpaye settled among the Sihasapa community at Cheyenne River. Like all Lakotas, young Ti-Zaptan people had to marry outside their band. Because of strong purposeful leadership by wise elders, industrious women, and brave hunter-warriors, certain bands drew outsiders keen to marry-in.

Such was the Ti-Zaptan in the mid-18th Century, for over the next decades two new tiyoshpaye grew up and offshooted from the band. Their leading families were related – headmen perhaps addressing each other as ‘brothers’ – forming a strong but flexible camp organization.

The first offshoot tiyoshpaye were the Real Sihasapa band. Stories accounting for their origin recall a big prairie fire: Fast Horse’s account to Welch says that a woman without moccasins walked through the charred prairie, “her feet . . . covered with ashes and black. So that is what we call it, those people.” During the next generation – say 1750-75 – a second offshoot formed the Crow Feather Hair Ornaments band.

The cluster of these three founding tiyoshpaye was probably identified during the 19th Century with the Grass family and its political allies. John Grass’s father, also known as Grass, and as Used As Their Shield, born into a family with Oglala origins, emerged as a key leader in the early 1850s.

His father (name unknown) is also said to have been a great chief. In his account to Welch, John Grass dwelled on the two bands Real Sihasapa and Crow Feather Hair Ornaments, just as he named them first in his version of the camp circle.

After 1750 the growing Sihasapa camp attracted growing numbers of outsiders, independent bands that brought their own council fires. Fire Heart V (1851-1926) was the direct descendant of one of the most important of these incomers.

He told Col. Welch how people from “several Dakotah bands and tribes” joined the camp, which became known generally as the Sihasapa after the largest of the constituent tiyoshpaye. Perhaps the first of the incomers was the Hohe band.

The name is used to designate the Assiniboine tribe, who split from the Sioux late in prehistory, but in the French colonial period a Sioux band called “Horhetons” or Hohe Village was located on the Mississippi River near modern Sauk Rapids, Minnesota. Perhaps they were originally an Assiniboine band that chose not to join hostilities against the parent-people in the warfare of the mid-17th Century.

Clearly a sizeable group in 1700, the Horhetons disappear from the record, but the name Hohe persists as that of a small Sihasapa band. Perhaps they were the “Sioux of the West” village that traders learned was massacred by the Crees in 1741, with several hundred people killed or sold into French slavery – the survivors finding refuge with generous kinsmen among the Sihasapa.

The Sans Arc – the Itazipcho, or Without Bows – tribe is said to be the origin of another band, the Cowrie Shell Earrings, that intermarried with the Sihasapa later in the 18th Century.

They were assigned the place in the camp circle next to the north horn. At some point probably in the period 1775-1800 a very prestigious family from the Miniconjou tribe joined the Sihasapa. The family was that of Fire Heart. The first leader of that name was said to have been a Miniconjou who flourished in the 1730s, according to family traditions collected by Col. Welch. Fire Heart II seems to have been the leader who brought the family into the Sihasapa circle.

Because the Sihasapa share one band name with the Miniconjou – the Glaglahecha or Slovenly band – it may be that the Fire Heart dynasty is to be identified with the Glaglahecha. Again, Fire Heart family descendants may hold the knowledge that can help us identify their ancestral tiyoshpaye.

The Glaglahecha band among the Miniconjou is identified with another great chiefly dynasty of the Tetons, the White Swan (Maga Ska) family. By 1823 Fire Heart III, identified in a contemporary journal as “a very powerful warrior”, was not only the principal Sihasapa tribal leader, but considered by traders in Minnesota as the most influential chief among the Teton divisions.

Given the context of this information, it is likely that in the final years (ca. 1815-30) of the Dakota Rendezvous – the great trading gathering of the Sioux held each May on the James River (modern Armadale Island, South Dakota) – Fire Heart was accorded special honor as the ranking Teton wichasha yatapika (Honored Man) in the interdivisional councils where leaders from across the Lakota world met. A rivalry existed in the 19th Century between the Grass and Fire Heart families. Fire Heart IV married a sister of Used As Their Shield, but the brash sarcasm indulged in by Lakota brothers-in-law was probably at its most pointed in this particular relationship!

John Grass’s widow recalled to Col. Welch that “there was something between Fire Heart and Chief Grass and had been for many years”. Perhaps this underlies John Grass’s additional remark on the Glaglahecha band.

After explaining the meaning of the name as slovenly or untidy, he went one further and added these people were “Too lazy to tie their moccasins”! A final incoming band was the Wazhazha, whose complex origins show up just how widely intermarriage linked the peoples of the plains. At an earlier generation intertribal truces were marked by extensive intermarriage between Tetons and the Ponca tribe, who pursued a mixed farming-hunting life in southwest South Dakota and northern Nebraska.

The resulting band was called the Wazhazha, taking its name from one of the most important Ponca clans. Tracing back, the Wazhazha clan grouping had its origins among the vast Dhegiha grouping of southern Siouan tribes – today’s Poncas, Omahas, Kansas or Kaws, Osages, and Quapaws.

Each of these major groups contained a powerful clan called Wazhazha, identified with the Powers of the Water and the Snake. Archaeologists are increasingly confident that ancestral Dhegihan peoples were involved in the great Mississippian civilizations of the Midwest, leagues and tribal confederacies that built great cities such as Cahokia (opposite modern St. Louis) around temple mounds and extensive floodplain fields. My guess would be that the Wazhazha name had its origins in the Mississippian world.

Because of the fame and honor attached, it was carried out by migrants into the prairies as the Mississippian societies imploded in the centuries 1300-1600. The Teton-Ponca intermarriages of the mid-18th Century created a Wazhazha band that, after warfare was resumed with the Ponca, settled largely among the Brule division of Tetons.

Late in the century, however, offshoot people joined the northern Teton divisions, some founding a Wazhazha band among the Sihasapa in the period 1800-25. Through the first quarter of the 19th Century in-migration continued to swell Sihasapa numbers to peak about 900 people.

Important Sihasapa links to British trading personnel in Minnesota like Robert Dickson and Joseph Renville were probably fundamental to this situation during the period of British-U.S. rivalry that culminated in the War of 1812. After British defeat, however, and the post-1820 expansion of American trade along the Missouri River, eastern trade links became unimportant.

The Sihasapa increasingly hunted, traded, and offered a joint Sun Dance with their Hunkpapa relatives. After a century of rapid growth and political dynamism, in 1825 the Sihasapa entered a new period in their tribal history. As I’ve tried to make clear, this essay is very much a preliminary effort at tracing Sihasapa history.

There must be many families on Standing Rock today who can help us to fill out and correct the picture I’ve sketched. Why not contact Tribal Tourism chief LaDonna Brave Bull Allard and help us tell the true stories of all the people of Standing Rock?

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In helping to gather traditions bearing on the early history of the Sihasapa, I offer thanks to three modern historians of the Lakota people – LaDonna Brave Bull Allard (Fort Yates); Sebastian ‘Bronco’ LeBeau (Eagle Butte); Victor Douville (Mission). PILA MAYE! KINGSLEY M. BRAY DECEMBER 4, 2006.

Read more: http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/180/sihasapa#ixzz5fV2K2xU6

Lakota (Teton) sioux

« Dakota (Santee) sioux Siouxerna

Eldar och band

« Lakota Reservations Lakota (Teton) sioux

Oglala (Scattered their own)
Sicangu (Burned thighs)
Hunkpapa (End of circle)
Mnikowonju (Miniconjou) ) (Planters beside the stream)
Sihasapa (Blackfoot)
Oohenunpa (Two Kettle)
Itazipco (Without Bows, Sans Arcs)

Lakota

Welch Dakota Papers


0. Alllmänt och övergripande

Dodge, Richard Irving, 1827-1895
Our wild Indians ; thirty-three years' personal experience among the red men of the great West… / by Richard Irving Dodge. - Hartford, Conn. : Worthington, 1882. - 653 s. : ill.

Brady, Cyrus Townsend 1861-1920
Indian fights and fighters: the soldier and the Sioux. - New York : McClure, 1904. - 518 p. : ill.
Bibliography: 4 pages preceding p. 1 - Pp 352-355 kort redogörelse för
Major Guy V Henry’s äventyr under Pine Ridgekampanjen 1890.

Densmore. Frances
Teton Sioux music. - 561 s.
= s. 3-561 i: (Bulletin //Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology ; 61)

Militära operationer beskrivs förstås av dem som var med

Miles, Nelson Appleton, 1839-1925
Personal recollections and observations of General Nelson A. Miles, embracing a brief view of the Civil War; or, From New England to the Golden gate, and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western empire. - Chicago : The Werner Company, 1896. - 591 p. : ill. - Omslag.
   Sitting Bull. -
  

Indianagenternas berättelser:
Redogörelser för reservatslivet får man bl a av indianagenternas berättelser. D C Poole har skrivit en av de mest intressanta etnografiskt sett. Han var agent vid Whetstone Agency.
Poole, Dewitt Clinton
Among the Sioux of Dakota: Eighteen Months Experience as an Indian Agent / Captain D C Poole. - New York : Van Nostrand, 1881. - 234 p.
  Whetstone agency / Richmond L Clowe. - Family Search.

Journalisters reportage om indianerna kan stundtals vara intressanta:

Boyd, James P. (James Penny), 1836-1910
Recent Indian wars, under the lead of Sitting Bull, and other chiefs ; with a full account of the Messiah craze, and ghost dances / by Jamews P Boyd - [Philadelphia] : Publishers union, 1892. - 320 p. : ill.
  Contents.

Fiske, Frank Bennett, 1883-1952
The taming of the Sioux / by Frank Fiske. - Bismarck, N.D. : Bismarck tribune, 1917. - 186. : ill.

    


BIOGRAFISKT

SITTING BULL
 

Dorsch, Peter
Sitting Bull
Sitting Bull besöker Bismarck

Sitting Bull Wiki

Johnson, Willis Fletcher 1857-1931
The red record of the Sioux : life of Sitting Bull and history of the Indian war of 1890-91… Philadelphia : Edgewood, 1891. - 628 s.



Kelly, Fanny 1845-1904 Wiki
Narrative of my captivity among the Sioux Indians / by Fanny Kelly ; with a brief account of General Sully's Indian exepedition in 1864, bearing upon events occuring in my captivity. - 1871.
Lakota sioux ; Fanny Kelly : Fångenskapsberättelser


RED CLOUD

Dorsch, Peter
Red Cloud - fotografier på en siouxkrigare

new ©

 

Staffan Jansson

 

2017

Andedansen

Lakota (Teton) sioux Social struktur »


Dans och framtid 1890 års Ghost Dance-rörelse och de nordamerikanska ursprungsfolkens religiösa praktiker i svensk-amerikanska tidningar, 1857–1891 : Dance and Future The Ghost Dance Movement of 1890 and the Religious Practices of Native North Americans in Swedish-American Newspapers, 1857-1891 / Fredrik Jansson. - 2020.
Examensarbete, 30 HP
Wounded Knee Massace

Ghost Dance


Yttre
Wowoka
Smohalla


Tidiga
Red Cloud

I skymundan eller nonacitive
Little Wound Taopi Chikala 1835
Spotted Tail 1823-1881
Gall (Pizi) 1840-1894
Crow King
Hollow Horn Bear, brulé som i sin ungdom lett många attacker på Union Pacificbanbygget och 1880-86 varit kapten för indianpolisen. Företrädde konservativa motståndspartiet. ”Jag vet att jag måste dö och jag tror det vore bättre för mig att falla med vanpen i hand än att svälta ihjäl vid agentens dörr! (S 49 Malm).
Luther Standing Bear f 1868-1939
Young Man Afraid of His Horse (Tasunke Kokipapai)
Running Antelope

Aktiva kring Wounded Knee
Kicking Bear
(Arnold) Short Bull

John Grass (Peji) 1836-1918)
Hump Canchacha-ke 1847-1908
Crow Dog 1833-1913

Centralfigurer
Two Strike 1831-1915
Big Road (Canka Tanka) Oglala
Lyckades föra större delen av Crazy Horsesiouxerna över kanadagränsen till Sitting Bulls flyktingläger. Där var självfallet Kicking Bear med. Malm: Dödsdans s 31.

Spotted Elk (Hehaka Galeska) bror till Touch the Clouds (Big Foot uppehöll sig vintern 1876-77 i Crazy Horse läger men kapitulerade på vårvintern vid Cheyneen Rive Agency.)

Touch the Clouds (Minneconjou) (Malm Dödsdans s 33)

Kring Sitting Bull
William (son)
Henry (son)
Crowfoot (son) (s 75 Malm)
John Sitting Bull fosterson 1864?-1955
Little Assiniboine (Hohe Cikana, Jumping Bull) ca 1844-1890, assiniboineyngling som Sitting Bull räddat livet på genom att ta upp honom som fosterbror. Hade sitt tält väster om Sitting Bulls stugor. Dog tillsammans med SB 1890.
Henry Oscar One Bull (Tatanka wanjila) 1853-1947.
Standing Holy
Andrew Fox, Sitting Bulls handsekreterare (Malm s 73)
Gray Eagle
Seen by Her Nation (syster till Gray Eagle)
Four Times (Syster till Gray Eagle) (Malm s 75)
Mordet på..
Henry Bullhead (Tatanka Pah, Afraid of Bear) kapten för reservationens indianpolis 1878-81,
Crazy Walking, indianpolis
Catka, indianpolis (Malm s 89)

Yellow Bird
Hellow Breast s 35
Cloud Horse s 35
Good Thunder
Little Gun
Mash the Kettle
(Enligt Malm följde med Kicking Bear och Short Bull till Wowoka).
No Water
Jack Red Cloud
Fastt Horse (Polis) s. 66 Malm.
Little (Charging Hawk) död 1932 s (70 Malm)
Running Antelope
Red Leaf Wazhazhabrulé


Short Bull (Brule) 1845-1924
Little Wound s 45 ff
Black Elk Hehaka Sapa 1863-1950

”Vita”
D H Gallahgher agent s 42
William Selwyn, halvblod

McGillycuddy, agent
Philip Wells, tolk
Mary Colllins 1846-1920 missionär som sedan 1886 haft sin egen station 12 km nedåt Grand River vid den siouxby där Running Antelope var hövding. (Malm s 73)


new ©

 

Staffan Jansson

 

2017

Teton Lakota - understammarna




Newell, C. (Cicero) 1840-1913.
Life among the Sioux Indians / by Major C Newell. - New York : New York Popular publishing, 1889?. - 12 p.
  Förf. Find a grave.

Det som konstituerar ett tetonband, det som är kärnan är tiyoshpaye, är en samling av besläktade familkjer vanligen omfattande ca 50-100 idivider. Ledarna var vanligen framgångsrika familjer, förmögna, redo att sponsra ceremonier och allmänna företag - och starka nog att skapa en kontinuitet i ledarskapet över långa perioder. Sådana grupper fungerade i grunden nära inpå en eller annan likartad grupp, vanligen en gemenskap baserad på verklig släktskap och eller giftermål, under mest hela året. Man skall emellertid komma ihåg att kittet mellan olika tiyoshpaye var svagt och dynamiskt, och vem man höll samman med fluktureade. Under sommaren kunde större grupper stråla samman för gemensamma jakter, soldansen och större krigståg. I historisk tid innan indiankrigen skapade nya allianser var det förstås då de sju olika understammarna som samlades var för sig.


Keating, William Hypolitus, 1799-1840
Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, [etc.] : performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, secretary of war, under the command of Stephen H. Long, U.S.T.E. : compiled from the notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, Keating, [and] Colhoun : In two volumes. - London : Printed for Geo B. Whittaker. - 1825.
   Vol 1. - 458 s.
   Vol 2. - 248 s. - Naturvetenskaplligt appendix. + Vocabulary of Indian Languages.



Rosebud reservationen


Ett gott stycke söder om Lower Brulé, hade White River som nordgräns och nådde i söder ner till Nebraskagränsen.
Här hade de obändiga brulésiouxerna slutligen hamnat 1878. Till antalet kanske bortåt 4 000. Kallas ofta Spotted Tailagenturen efter den välkände hövdingen som valde platsen för reservationen.
Efter det att Spotted Tail (ca 1823-1881) mördats av Crow Dog var gamle Two Strike (Nomkahpa 1821-1914) den viktigaste hövdigen.


       

   

          

  Spotted Tail  +                      Two Strike Crow Dog

 

    

Short Bull Short Bull och Kicking Bear

Rosebud agency

Poole, Dewitt Clinton
Among the Sioux of Dakota: Eighteen Months Experience as an Indian Agent / Captain D C Poole. - New York : Van Nostrand, 1881. - 234 p. Whetstone agency / Richmond L Clowe. - Family Search.

Newell, C. (Cicero), b. 1840
Indian Stories / by Cicero Newell - Boston : Silver, Burdette & co, 1912. - 191p.
  Vocabulary.

Av mindre intresse är:

Newell, C. (Cicero), b. 1840
Life among the Sioux Indians / C. Newell. - New York : New York Popular Publishing, 1889?. - 13 p.

Standing Rock reservationen


Standring Rockreservationen


Standing Rock
Agenturen låg i Nord-Dakota vid Missouri och skyddades av det svagt garnisonerade Fort Yates. Agent: James McLaughlin 1842-28 jul 1923. (Vid Standing Rock 1881-1895)

På Standing Rock bodde hunkpapa- och sihasapasiouxer, men också en del
yanktonai.
Hunkpapasiouxerna leddes av Sitting Bull, ständigt motarbetad av agenten James McLaughlin.


          

    

     Sitting Bull +                       Gall                              One Bull

   

   

   

  

John Grass              Iron Horn (bror till…) Rain in the face Low Dog (oglala)


Crow King -1884

Pine Ridge reservationen






Kicking Bear 
Oglala / Minniconjou

Lower Brulé och Crow creek reservationerna

Cheyenne River reservationen



Cheyenne Riverreservationen

« Standring Rockreservationen

Lakota

Lower Brulé och Crow creek reservationerna »

Omedelbart söder om Standring Rock.
Agenturen låg 1889 vid Missouri, nära Fort Bennett och Fort Sully.
Här levde framförallt minniconjouerna ledda av hövdingar som Hump (Canchacha-ke) 1847-1908, Big Foot (Unpan Galeska = Spotted Elk).
Här fanns också sansarc och twokettlesioux och ett sihasapaband.

 

       

 

  Big Foot 1826-1890 Touch The Clouds (bror till Big Foot)



Hump d y (med familj)

Galleri - klicka för större bild -

Seth eastmans målningar av dakotas kring fort snelling, tidigt 1800-tal.

DAKOTA (SANTEE) SIOUX 





290px-Sioux01



1805
Utan att ha någon som helst laglig rätt att sluta fördrag med indianerna så skriver Zebulon Pike på en fördragsavtal med två indianska ledare. Dakotas avstår nio kvadratmil land, där Fort Snelling anläggs. (Sedermera blev fortet till St. Paul och Minneapolis)

1837
Mdewakanton Dakota undertecknar ett fördrag med Förenta Staternas regering där de avstår från alla anspråk på landet öster om Mississippifloden.

1851 23 juli
Fördraget vid Traverse des Sioux undertecknas. Förhandlingarna här skedde med de övre dakotabanden av Sissetons och Wahpetons. (Ett gränsbröllop skedde bland indianerna som under stort festande på USAs regerings bekostnad, hade väntat in de ännu buffeljagande Sisseton och Wahpetonsiouxerna. Det var halvbloden David Faribault som gifte sig med den unga och mycket vackra Nancy McClure. (Se genealogin).

1851 29 juli
Ett rådslag hålls i Mendota, Minnesota, mellan en amerikansk fördragskommission och ”de lägre” Mdewakanton och Wahpekute Dakotas.

1851 5 augusti
Fördrag sluts i Mendota. Det undertecknas på Pilit Knob med utsikt över Minnesota- och Mississippifloderna. Dakotaledarna vägar emellertid att underteckna ”handelsmännens” paper. (Trader’s papers) Dakotas var aldrig eniga i frågan om att sälja det mesta av deras land i utbyte mot ett reservat och årliga utbetalningar. Wahpekutes var emellertid för uppgörelsen, då de inte såg någon annan utväg när det gällde att överleva över huvudtaget. Efter flera veckors förhandlingar skrev alla dakotabanden på fördraget, vilket innebar att man gav upp allt sitt land i Minnesota, Iowa och nuvarande South Dakota öster om Big Sioux River och längs en linje som sträckte sig från Lake Kampeska till Lake Traverse och Sioux Woods River. Området motsvarar ungefär 24 miljoner acres land och för detta skulle dakotas erhålla 275 000 dollar direkt och ytterligare 1.4 miljoner dollar i årliga utbetalningar under de kommande femtio åren. Dakotas var aldrig eniga i frågan om att sälja det mesta av deras land i utbyte mot ett reservat och årliga utbetalningar. Oenigheten hade varit stor innan alla skrev på. Wahpekutes var emellertid för uppgörelsen, då inte såg någon annan utväg när det gällde att överleva över huvudtaget. 
De skulle också få ett reservat som sträckte sig 150 miles och 10 miles brett längs Minnesotafloden. 
Nu var det emellertid så att Dakotas stod djupt i skuld till handelsmännen i trakten och andra pengar skulle gå till halvbloden, så i slutänden blev resultatet att dakotas sålde sitt land för futtiga 7 cent acern. Även här hade indianledarna opponerat sig men gav till slut med sig på att betala handelsmännen i november 1851. 23 juni 1852 ratifierade USAs regering fördraget, som förstås blev en katastrof för indianerna. Det gällde sålunde såväl fördraget i Traverse des Sioux och Mendota.
4 september 1852 undertecknade 45 indianledare det slutgiltiga fördraget.

1862 i augusti Står inte indianerna ut längre och gör ett desperat men omöjligt försök att slänga ut samtliga vita ur Minnesota med katastrofala följder. Nämligen total etnisk rensning av Dakota från Minnesota.

Klicka för större bild

Little crow med familj

Från vänster till höger. Två foton av  Little Crow, hustru och barn, sonen Wowinapa, döttrarna. Hans mest kända by Kaposia.  Sedan Little Crow tecknad 1851 (Little Crow d ä?) till sist Kaposia, teckning 1851.

Dakota Sökning Archive
Dakota conflict wikipedia    Litt Archiv org

Riggs, Stephen Return
Dakota grammar, texts and ethnography / by Stephen Return Riggs ; Edited by James Owen Dorsey. - Washington : Government printing press, 1893. - 239 p. - (Contributions to North American Ethnology ; 9)
Index

Riggs, Stephen Return
Dakota-English dictionary / by Stephen Return Riggs ; Edited by James Owen Dorsey. - Washington : Government printing press, 1890. - 665 p. - (Contributions to North American Ethnology ; 7)


Robinson, Doane
A History of the Dakota Or Sioux Indians : From Their Earliest Traditions and First Contact with white men to the final settlement of the last of them upon reservation and the consequent abandoment of the old tribal life. - Published by the state, 1904. - 523 p.
Med en hel del text om the Society och South Dakota som förtext.


Eastman, Mary Henderson 1818-1887
Dahcotah; Life and legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling / by Mary H Eastman ; illustrated from drawings of captain Seth Eastman. New York : Wiley, 1849. - 310 p. : ill. +

Charles Alexander Eastman

Eastman, Charles Alexander 1858-1939
From the deep woods to civilization; chapters in the autobiography of an Indian. - Boston : Little Brown, 1916. - 266 s.

Riggs, Stephen Return 1812-1813
Mary and I : forty years with the Sioux / by Stephen R. Riggs ; with an introduciton by S.C. Bartlett. - Chicago : W.G. Holmes, 1880. - 428 s.
Connolly, Alonzo P.

Pond, Samuel William, 1808-1891
Indian warfare in Minnesota. - Minnesota Historical Society, 1880. - 10 p.
Sid. [129] - 138. - Daterad 1870.

A thrilling narrative of the Minnesota massacre and the Sioux war of 1862-63 :graphic accounts of the siege of Fort Ridgely, battles of Birch Coolie, Wood Lake, Big Mound, Stony Lake, Dead Buffalo Lake and Missouri River. - Chicago : A.P. Connolly, 1896. - 288 p.

Lass, William E
The Removal From Minnesota of the Sioux and Winnebago Indians. - 1962.

Daniels, Asa Wilder 1829-1920
Reminiscences of the Little Crow uprising. - Minnesota Historical Society, 1915. - 28 p.

Dakota Conflict of 1862 Manuscripts Collections (Volume Microfilm Reel 1, 2, 3, 4
This compilation comprises a variety of small collections of letters, reminiscences, reports, diaries, and related materials dealing with Minnesota’s Dakota Conflict and related activities of 1862-1865. A collection summary, a reel contents list, and a description of each individual collection are available on the Internet: http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/m0582.pdf.

Minnesota in the civil and Indian wars 1861-1865 - Vol 1.
2. ed. -- prepared and published under the supervision of the Board of commissioners
appointed by the act of the Legislature of Minnesota of April 16, 1889. - 1891.
  Vol 2.

                       







Den glömda historien - Drama i USAs svenskbygder 

För 150 år sedan, den 17 augusti 1862 hade de östliga siouxerna (Dakota) fått nog av de vitas oförrätter och tog till vapen. Men de gick en katastrof till mötes. I december hängdes 38 indianledare och resten fördrevs från Minnesota. Skottpengar på 25$ utlovades för varje dödad indians skalp.

Ett och annat om dessa indianer äger vi i Sverige som forskningen inte utnyttjat till fullo. Dels då Fredrika Bremers iakttagelser 12 år före konflikten, dels Albin Widéns efterlämnade papper som finns på Emigrantinstitutet i Växjö om svenskamerikanarnas minnen av händelsen.

- Länkar till diverse fulltextböcker i ämnet.

Bilderna nedan: Dakotaindianer porträtterade av Fredrika Bremer 1850 nära
Ft Snelling. Kvinnan är Fjädermolnskvinnan, hennes man vid namn
White Dog ses t h och tv är Grey Iron, far till Big Eagle och Medicine Bottle två av krigsledarna 1862. Se nedan.

         


När Fredrika Bremer besökte Dakota- (sioux) indianerna i Minnesota 1850 fann hon hos dem en viss orientalisk prakt och ett enkelt välstånd. Hon fick revidera sin bild av såväl indianerna generellt som kvinnans roll hos dessa indianer. (Läs här!)
12 år senare var den indianska kulturen helt i sönderfall och detta följdes av ett totalt fördrivande av Dakota och Winnebago från Minnesota. I desperation hade svältande indianer rest sig i ett blodigt uppror som slutade i total tragedi, inklusive den största massavrättningen som ägt rum i USA. Händelsen är så infekterad av man helst av allt förtränger den i USA. Hela skeendet utspelades i svenskbygderna för bara 150 år sedan.

Upproret inleddes 17 augusti 1862 och kan sägas ta sitt slut definitivt 26 december då 38 indianer avrättades genom hängning. Den största massavrättningen i USA:s historia.
Resultatet blev också tre år senare total etnisk rensning av ursprungsbefolkningen Siouxindianer (Dakota) från delstaten Minnesota. Ett pris på 25$ per indianskalp utlovades hädanefter.

Detta var början till slutet för den fria nordamerikanske indianen och det skedde vid tiden för det amerikanska inbördeskriget (1861-65). Det snabbt eskalerade förtrycket och lurendrejeriet av indianer strax väster om Misssissippi resulterade i ett uppror som i sin tur fick konsekvenser som USA i allmänhet och Minnesotas invånare i synnerhet inte vill minnas än i dag. Det var ju ett slags favoritområde även för svenskar tyskar och norrmän. Vi känner ju till det via Vilhelm Mobergs Utvandrarepos och från Jan Troells filmbearbetning av detsamma.


Det vitas övertagande av landet skedde kvickt och som vanligt genom landrofferi, falska löften och hänsynslöshet. På bara ett bar årtionden hade fria, förhållandevis välmående indianer blivit hjälplöst alienerade, ibland svältande tiggare som inte såg någon annan utväg än att ta till vapen.
Ja, en handelsman vid namn Andrew Myrick som vägrat ge dem deras lagstadgade ersättning för landköp hade till och med sagt att för hans del kunde de (indianerna) lika gärna äta gräs eller dynga!

Ett blodigt uppror med ett blodigt avslut blev följden. Omständigheter tvingade även de sansade ledarna som t ex Little Crow att i desperation slå tillbaka de vita kolonisterna.
Resultatet blev total etnisk rensning av Siouxindianer (Dakota) från vad som blev delstaten Minnesota. Vilket i sig bara var en logisk följd av tidigare åtgärder årtionden innan då praktiskt taget hela östra USA, öster om Mississippi hade avfolkats på indianer.
Minnesota översvämmades förstås av vita nybyggare efter inbördeskrigets slut, då mängder av före detta soldater behövde en utkomst. Att statskassan också behövde guld ledde snart till att de fria nomadstammarna ute på högprärierna inte heller kunde behandlas med omdöme och sans. Efter 1890 var i stort sett samtliga Nordamerikas indianer berövade sitt traditionella sätt att leva


Det här är en händelse som inte tar plats i USA:s allmänna minne. En saklig artikel hittar vi emellertid i New York Times. Artikeln är skriven av militärhistorikern Ron Soodalter och titeln är Lincoln and the sioux. I

Eastman, Mary
Dacotah : life and legends of the sioux around Fort Snelling. - 1849

Eastman, Mary
The american aboriginal portfolio / Illustrated by Seth Eastman. - 1853.

Eastman, Mary
Romance of indian life. - 1853.

Ögonvittnen - källor

Berghold, Alexander
The indians revenge : or days of horror. - 1891.

Bryant, Charles
A history of the great massacre by the sioux indians in Minnesota, including the personal narratives of many who escaped. - 2 ed. - 1864.

Flandreau, Charles
History of Minnesota and tales of the frontier. - 1900.

Heard, Isaac
History of the sioux war

Minnesota in the civil and Indian wars 1861-1865 / Prepared and published under the supervision of the Board of commissioners appointed by the act of the Legislature of Minnesota of April 16, 1889. -
 Vol 1. - 1891.
 Vol 2- - 1893.


Riggs, Stephen Return
Mary and I : Forty years with the Sioux




    

  



Indianupproret i Minnesota 150 år

Den glömda historien - Drama i USAs svenskbygder

För 150 år sedan, den 17 augusti 1862 hade de östliga siouxerna (Dakota) fått nog av de vitas oförrätter och tog till vapen. Men de gick en katastrof till mötes. I december hängdes 38 indianledare och resten fördrevs från Minnesota. Skottpengar på 25$ utlovades för varje dödad indians skalp.

Ett och annat om dessa indianer äger vi i Sverige som forskningen inte utnyttjat till fullo. Dels då Fredrika Bremers iakttagelser 12 år före konflikten, dels Albin Widéns efterlämnade papper som finns på Emigrantinstitutet i Växjö om svenskamerikanarnas minnen av händelsen.

- Länkar till diverse fulltextböcker i ämnet.

I FIKTIONSLITTERATUREN

Ellis, Edward Sylvester, 1840-1916
Red plume. - 1900. - New York : - Gosset & Dunlap, 1900. - 385 p.


Big Eagle


FRANK BY MAYERS SKETCHBOOKS - unika illustrationer av dakotaindianer kring 1851

Galleri

Fredrika Bremer vid fort snelling 1850

Dakotaindianer vid Fort Snelling tecknade av Fredrika Bremer 1850. 
White Dog, Grey Iron och Fjädermolns-kvinnan (Checkered Cloud).
Medicine Bottle i nedre raden (mitten) är förmodligen identisk med Grey Irons son med det namnet. Han är omgiven av två foton av  brodern Big Eagle)
White Dog Grey Iron Fjädermolnskvinnan

ANTECKNINGAR TILL OVAN
Checkered Cloud (Checkers Cloud) borde väl vara Fjädermolns-kvinnan. (Mock-Pe-En-Dag-a-win Checkered cloud hos Mary Eastman, Mochpedaga wen hos Fredrika Bremer Fjädermolns-kvinnan)


Eastman, Mary Henderson
Dahcotah, Or, Life and Legends of the Sioux Around Fort Snelling / by Mrs Mary Henderson Eastman ; with preface by Mrs. C[aroline] Matilda] Kirkland ; illustrated from drawings by Captain Eastman. - New York : John Wiley, 1849. - 268 p. : ill.
   Första kapitlet: Mock-Pe-En-Dag-a-win; or Checkered cloud, the medicine woman.


Här en artikel som också reder ut fakta kring Seth Eastman och Charles Alexander Eastman, Winona  m fl.
Grey Iron är verkligen Medicine Bottles fader
Oral histories of the Dakotas



Alla dessa Eastmans

seth Eastman och släkt

  1. Cloud Mans Ḣeyate Otuŋwe,(och pdf ) målad ca 1835/1836. - 2.  Lucy Wakaninajiwin Eastman. - 
3. Seth Eastman. - 4. Mary Nancy Eastman (Winona). - 5. Charles A. Eastman +. - 6 Mary Henderson Eastman.
Charles Alexander Eastman
Superscript

Litet kompletterande


Yankton sioux



Wind River Shoshoner

« Siouxerna Nomadfolken Comanche »



Wind River Indian Reservation
Eastern Shoshone
Lemhi shoshone

Shoshone - wiki



Steward, Julian H
Lemhi Shoshoni Physical Therapy. - 5 s.
= Sid 177-181 i: Bureau of American Ethnology // Bulletin 119. - Washington : BAE, 1938. - ( Anthropological papers ; 5)

Hultkrantz, Åke
Kulturbildningen hos Wyomings Shoshoni-indianer. - 25 s. : ill.
= sid. 132-157 i : // YMER ; 1949 : 2. (Särtryck SJ)

220px-Washakie

Washakie




Wilson, Elijah Nicholas 1842-1915
The white Indian boy; the story of Uncle Nick among the Shoshones / by E. N. Wilson ; in collaboration with Howard R Driggs ; Illustrated with drawings by F.N Wilson. - Yonkers-on-the-Hudson, N.Y. : World Book Co, 1926. - 220 s. : ill. -(Pioneer life series)
Annan utgåva: Among the Shoshones. - Salt Lake City, Utah : Skelton publishing
company, 1910.



Comanche

« Wind River Shoshoner Nomadfolken Kiowa »

Comanche - wiki

comanche



Catlin, George
Great Camanche village, Texas... i:
Catlin, George, 1796-1872
Letters and notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians : In two volumes / by Geo. Catlin. - New York : Wiley and Putnam, 1842. : ill.
  Vol 1.- 264 p.
  Vol 2. - 266 p.

Chaves, Amado, b. 1851
The defeat of the Comanches in 1717 / by Amado Chaves. - Santa Fe, N.M. : New Mexican printing company, 1906. - 9 p. - (Historical society of New Mexico ; 8)

250px-Comanche_warrior_1835


Fångenskapsberättelser

DOT BABB

Babb, Theodore Adolphu, 1852-1912
In the bosom of the Comanches / by T A Babb - Dallas : J F Worley printing co, 1912. - 145 p. : ill.
Mer känd som Dot Babb.
  Frontier Times Magazine. - Wise County historical Society. - History Net. - COMANCHE-MADE NECKLACE, 1867 : A parting gift presented to Dot Babb : Bullock Museum


CYNTHIA ANN PARKER

DeShields, James T., 1861-1948
Cynthia Ann Parker, The story of her capture at the massacre of the inmates of Parker's Fort; of her quarter of a century spent among the Comanches, as the wife of the war chief, Peta Nocona; and of her recapture at the battle of Pease River, by Captain L. S. Ross, of the Texian rangers / by James T DeShields. - St. Louis : Printed for the author, 1886. - 80 p. : ill.
  Cynthia Ann Parker - wiki

JAMES HOBBS 1819-1880 påstådd sonsonson till Tecumseh.

Hobbs, James, b. 1819
Wild life in the far West; personal adventures of a border mountain man. Comprising hunting and trapping adventures with Kit Carson and others; captivity and life among the Comanches; services under Doniphan in the war with Mexico, and in the Mexican war against the French; desperate combats with Apaches, grizzly bears, etc., etc / by Captain James Hobbs. - Hartford, Wiley, Waterman & Eaton, 1872. - 488 p. : ill.
  Notis om person. - Find a grave





Kiowa

« Comanche Nomadfolken Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache) »



Mooney, James
Calendar history of the Kiowa Indians. - Washington : Government printing press,1898. - 336 s. : ill. - (pag s 132-468).
Extract from the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.


Lipan Apache

« Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache) Nomadfolken Tonkawa »

Lipan Apache People - wiki

Det första omnämnanded av Lipan apacher i spanska dokument härrör sig från 1718 när dessa attackerade den nyanlagda staden San Antonio. Man antar att Lipanerna

Präriefolken indelade efter språk


PRÄRIENS INDIANER uppdelade efter språkfamiljer
De hade inte alltid levt där.  Bufflarna hade inte alltid funnits där. Torka under förhistorisk tid hade ödelagt slätterna. Men när klimatet blev bättre och bufflarna ökade till vad som verkade oändliga i antal, så kom folken från randområdena i väster. öster och norr ut på slätterna och anpassade sig till livet som storvitjägare. När hästen kom fulländades möjligheterna till präriekulturen som vi känner den.